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干旱区地理 ›› 2025, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (10): 1707-1720.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.030 cstr: 32274.14.ALG2025030

• 第三次新疆综合科学考察 • 上一篇    下一篇

吐哈盆地鸟类多样性的初步研究

李新宇1(), 刘正霄1, 胡骞1, 彭于杨1, 王辉1, 李建强1, 叶新平2, 徐基良1()   

  1. 1.北京林业大学生态与自然保护学院,北京 100083
    2.陕西师范大学生命科学学院,陕西 西安 710119
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-14 修回日期:2025-02-16 出版日期:2025-10-25 发布日期:2025-10-27
  • 通讯作者: 徐基良(1977-),男,博士,教授,主要从事动物生态学和保护生物学研究. E-mail: xujiliang@bjfu.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:李新宇(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事生物多样性保护研究. E-mail: lxy3710501@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2022xjkk1200)

Preliminary study of the diversity of birds in Turpan-Hami Basin

LI Xinyu1(), LIU Zhengxiao1, HU Qian1, PENG Yuyang1, WANG Hui1, LI Jianqiang1, YE Xinping2, XU Jiliang1()   

  1. 1. School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
    2. College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2025-01-14 Revised:2025-02-16 Published:2025-10-25 Online:2025-10-27

摘要:

吐鲁番-哈密盆地(吐哈盆地)位于我国西北干旱区,其特殊的自然环境孕育了该地独特的鸟类群落,但至今吐哈盆地鸟类多样性情况仍不清晰,亟需了解吐哈盆地鸟类组成及其分布现状。于2023—2024年采用样线法、样点法和访问调查法等对吐哈盆地的鸟类多样性进行调查,并结合历史文献资料和中国观鸟记录中心的数据进行补充。结果表明:(1) 吐哈盆地共有鸟类295种,隶属22目59科,其中夏候鸟132种(44.75%)、留鸟94种(31.86%)、旅鸟52种(17.63%)、冬候鸟16种(5.42%)、迷鸟1种(0.34%)。(2) 国家一级重点保护野生鸟类11种(3.73%),包括白头硬尾鸭(Oxyura leucocephala)、大鸨(Otis tarda)、玉带海雕(Haliaeetus leucoryphus)、猎隼(Falco cherrug)等;国家二级重点保护野生鸟类53种(17.97%),包括暗腹雪鸡(Tetraogallus himalayensis)、大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)、灰鹤(Grus grus)、蓝喉歌鸲(Luscinia svecica)等。(3) 中国鸟类特有种1种,为白尾地鸦(Podoces biddulphi);新疆分布新纪录鸟类3种,分别为红尾伯劳(Lanius cristatus)、楔尾伯劳(Lanius sphenocercus)和灰喜鹊(Cyanopica cyanus)。(4) 不同生境类型中,湿地鸟类物种数最多,灌丛鸟类物种数最少;居民区和农田Jaccard相似系数最高为0.52,湿地和灌丛Jaccard相似系数最低为0.19。吐哈盆地不仅具有丰富的鸟类多样性,而且珍稀濒危鸟类较多,因此应该在该地积极开展鸟类多样性监测与研究,为吐哈盆地鸟类多样性保护提供科学参考。

关键词: 鸟类, 群落相似性, 特有物种, 生物多样性, 吐哈盆地

Abstract:

The Turpan-Hami Basin, an arid region in northwest China, possesses a unique natural environment that has led to the development of a distinct bird community. Despite its ecological significance, the current status of the basin's avifauna remains unclear. We initiated a study to determine the bird diversity within the region. Over six surveys in 2023 and 2024, we utilized multiple complementary methods(line transect surveys, point counts, interviews, and infrared cameras) and integrated these new data with historical records and contributions from the China Bird Report. Our survey results establish the Turpan-Hami Basin as a globally significant avian hotspot. We recorded a remarkable 295 bird species representing 22 orders and 59 families. This community consisted of summer visitors (44.75%, n=132), residents (31.86%, n=94), passage migrants (17.63%, n=52), winter visitors (5.42%, n=16), and vagrant visitors (0.34%, n=1). The region is particularly vital for conservation, as it hosts 11 Class I (e.g., Oxyura leucocephala, Otis tarda, Haliaeetus leucoryphus, Falco cherrug) and 53 Class II (e.g., Tetraogallus himalayensis, Cygnus cygnus, Grus grus, Luscinia svecica) nationally protected species. We also made several key discoveries: The basin is home to the Chinese endemic Podoces biddulphi, and we recorded three species for the first time in the Xinjiang region: Lanius cristatus, Lanius sphenocercus, and Cyanopica cyanus. Habitat analysis revealed a strong association with wetlands, which contained the highest diversity, while shrublands had the lowest. The faunal similarity was highest between residential and farmland habitats, contrasting sharply with the low similarity between wetlands and shrubs. This high diversity and concentration of protected species highlight the urgent need for a robust monitoring program to inform conservation efforts in the basin.

Key words: avian, community similarity, endemic species, biodiversity, Turpan-Hami Basin