中国天山西部区域云降水物理野外观测科学试验研究若干进展

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.056

干旱区地理 ›› 2023, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (10): 1602-1611.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.056

中国天山西部区域云降水物理野外观测科学试验研究若干进展

杨涛^1,^2,^3,⁴(),杨莲梅^1,^3,⁴(),李建刚^1,^3,⁴,仝泽鹏^1,^3,⁴

1.中国气象局乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所，新疆乌鲁木齐 830002
2.新疆气候中心，新疆乌鲁木齐 830002
3.新疆云降水物理与云水资源开发实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830002
4.西天山云降水物理野外科学观测试验基地，新疆新源 844900

收稿日期:2023-02-13 修回日期:2023-03-15 出版日期:2023-10-25 发布日期:2023-11-10
通讯作者: 杨莲梅（1969-）女，研究员，主要从事中亚天气气候和云降水物理研究. E-mail: yanglm@idm.cn
作者简介:杨涛（1969-），男，高级工程师，主要从事天气气候研究. E-mail: yd_yang@sina.com
基金资助:
天山英才培养计划项目(2022TSYCLJ0003);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(IDM2022001);中国气象局乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所科技发展基金(KJFZ202301)

Progress of the scientific experimental for cloud and precipitation physical observation in the western Tianshan Mountains of China

YANG Tao^1,^2,^3,⁴(),YANG Lianmei^1,^3,⁴(),LI Jiangang^1,^3,⁴,TONG Zepeng^1,^3,⁴

1. Institute of Desert and Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, Xinjiang, China
2. Xinjiang Climate Center, Urumqi 830002, Xinjiang, China
3. Xinjiang Cloud Precipitation Physics and Cloud Water Resources Development Laboratory, Urumqi 830002, Xinjiang, China
4. Field Scientific Observation Base of Cloud Precipitation Physics in West Tianshan Mountains, Xinyuan 844900, Xinjiang, China

Received:2023-02-13 Revised:2023-03-15 Online:2023-10-25 Published:2023-11-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

天山西部区域是中亚地区降水量最多的区域，其向西开口独特河谷地形与西风环流构成了中亚区域独有的云降水物理过程，降水形成积雪、冰川和径流对中亚社会经济和生态环境形成重要影响。随着国家“丝绸之路经济带”建设的推进，对中亚水资源、气象防灾减灾和生态环境保护提出了严峻的科技挑战，而该区域云降水物理过程的观测和研究是科技基础，仍处于起步阶段，不能满足国家战略和中国气象事业发展需求，为此于2019年建设了天山西部区域云降水物理野外观测科学试验基地，并对云宏微物理、层状云/对流云雨滴谱、中/西天山雨滴谱特征异同、冷锋暴雪微物理等开展了相关研究并取得了前沿成果，本文对此进行提炼总结，以期推动中亚地区云降水物理学科发展。

关键词: 野外观测试验, 云降水, 宏微物理特征, 研究进展, 中国天山西部区域

Abstract:

The western Tianshan Mountains in China experiences the highest precipitation in Central Asia. The unique valley topography of the mountains at its westward opening and westerly circulation lead to an exclusive cloud-precipitation physical process in Central Asia. The formation of snow and glaciers and runoff by precipitation considerably affects the social economy and ecological environment of Central Asia. The proposal and implementation of the national “Silk Road Economic Belt” construction have posed serious scientific and technological challenges to water resources, meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation, and ecological environment protection in Central Asia. The observation and research on cloud-precipitation physical processes in this region is the basis of science and technology; however, it is still in its nascent stage and cannot meet the requirements of the national plan and China’s meteorological development. Hence, herein, a scientific experimental base was built for the field observation of cloud and precipitation physics in the western Tianshan Mountains of China in 2019, and relevant research was conducted on the macro and microphysical characteristics of clouds, raindrop spectrum characteristics of stratiform and convective clouds, similarities and differences in the raindrop spectrum characteristics between the central and western Tianshan Mountains, and microphysical characteristics of cold front snowstorm. This paper summarizes the frontier achievements to promote the development of cloud and precipitation physics in Central Asia.

Key words: field observation test, cloud precipitation, macro micro physical characteristics, research progress, western Tianshan Mountains of China

杨涛, 杨莲梅, 李建刚, 仝泽鹏. 中国天山西部区域云降水物理野外观测科学试验研究若干进展[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(10): 1602-1611.

YANG Tao, YANG Lianmei, LI Jiangang, TONG Zepeng. Progress of the scientific experimental for cloud and precipitation physical observation in the western Tianshan Mountains of China[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(10): 1602-1611.

图/表 6

图1

表1

各站点布设设备及技术参数"

站点	设备名称	时空分辨率	其他参数
新源县站	C波段双偏振雷达（CINRAD/CC-D）	时间分辨率（6 min）、测量分辨率（反射率因子0.5 dBZ；速度0.2 m·s^-1；谱宽0.2 m·s^-1）	探测距离（强度≥400 km；速度≥150 km；谱宽≥150 km；双偏振≥150 km）
	双波段云雷达（WR-KaKu，北京无线电测量研究所/中国）	时间分辨率（1 min）、空间分辨率（回波强度≤0.2 dBZ；方位≤0.5º；俯仰≤0.5º；径向速度≤ 0.1 m·s^-1；速度谱宽≤0.1 m·s^-1）	探测高度范围：0.12~20.00 km；
	边界层风廓线雷达（CFL-16A，北京无线电测量研究所/中国）	高度分辨率（低模式≤60 m或50 m；高模式≤120 m或100 m）；时间分辨率[五波束≤6 min（夏季）；三波束≤6 min（冬季）]	测风最小探测高度（60 m）、测风最大探测高度（≥3 km）、水平风速（0~60 m·s^-1）、风向（0~360°）
	微雨雷达（MRR-2，METEK/德国）	光谱采样速率（10 s）、垂直分辨率（冬季150 m；夏季200 m）	测量高度范围（30~6000 mm）、高度取样数（30层）、雨滴谱粒径范围（0.109~ 6 mm）
	二维视频雨滴谱仪（2DVD，JOANNEUM RESEARCH/奥地利）	水平分辨率（≤0.2 mm）、垂直分辨率[≤0.2 mm （<10 m·s^-1）]、最小测量时间间隔（≤15 s）	测量粒径范围[≥8 mm（液态）]、可分辨通道数（≥100通道）、降水测量精度（±10%）
	地基微波辐射计（MP-3000，Radiometrics/美国）	时间分辨率（3 min）、垂直分辨率（0~500 m： 50 m；500~2 km：100 m；2~10 km：250 m）	通道数（共35通道）、探测高度（10 km）
	激光云高仪（TR-SkyVUE PRO，Campbell/美国）	时间分辨率（1 min）	穿透云层（5层）
	激光雨滴谱仪（Parsivel2，OTT/德国）	时间分辨率（1 min）、空间分辨率（0.2 mm）	粒径（0.2~25 mm）、速度（0.2~20 m·s^-1）
	GPS/MET水汽探测仪（Trimble-5/9，Trimble/美国）	时间分辨率（30 min）	整层
伊宁县站	C波段多普勒天气雷达（四创电子股份有限公司/中国）	时间分辨率（6 min）、空间分辨率（150 m）	雷达工作频率（5.3~5.7 G）、方位角（0~360°）、探测范围（400 km；速度、谱宽200 km）、距离分辨率（150 m）、角度分辨率（≤0.01°）
	微雨雷达	同上	同上
	二维视频雨滴谱仪	同上	同上
	地基微波辐射计	同上	同上
	激光云高仪	同上	同上
	激光雨滴谱仪	同上	同上
	GPS/MET水汽探测仪	同上	同上

表1

图2

表2

图3

图4

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产品类型	产品描述	设备	时间分辨率/min	站点数量
水汽产品	整层水汽	GPS/MET	30	67
	水汽廓线	微波辐射计	3	2
	水汽廓线	微雨雷达	1	4
温度产品	温度廓线	微波辐射计	3	2
气压数据	地面气压	微波辐射计	3	2
风产品	风廓线	边界层风廓线雷达	6	1
降水产品	降水量、降水类型和宏微物理特征	激光雨滴谱仪	1	8
		二维视频雨滴谱仪	1	2
		微雨雷达	1	4
		C波段双偏振雷达	6	1
云观测产品	云高	激光云高仪	1	3
云观测产品	云宏微物理特征	双频毫米波云雷达	1	1

中国天山西部区域云降水物理野外观测科学试验研究若干进展

Progress of the scientific experimental for cloud and precipitation physical observation in the western Tianshan Mountains of China

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