内蒙古十大孔兑流域地貌演化格局及其成因机制

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 地貌演化是地貌学研究的重要内容之一。通过选择若干反映地貌演化特征综合性较强的指标，以30 m分辨率的DEM数据为基础，对内蒙古十大孔兑流域的地貌演化格局进行了研究。在借助灰色GM（1，1）模型对研究区地貌演化特征的空间变化规律进行分析的同时，进一步结合构造活动、岩性特征及气候演变对孔兑流域地貌景观的成因机制及形成效应进行了探讨。结果表明：十大孔兑各流域目前除罕台川为接近壮年期的幼年地貌以及壕庆河为老年期地貌之外尚处于壮年期演化阶段，孔兑流域在未来较长时期内产沙潜力仍然巨大，其入黄泥沙中来自上游砒砂岩区的粗砂及库布齐沙漠沙分别在长短期尺度上扮演着重要角色；孔兑区所受的内外营力对抗作用或侵蚀强度以西部大于东部、中上游区表现突出为特点，其原因主要与西侧地表隆升程度较高有关，而降雨的空间差异对地貌演化效应的影响相对较小；与之相反，主沟纵剖面却以东部流域演化程度较高为特点，这主要与东部地表本身抬升程度低而慢有关，其次与东部降雨量略多以及岩性特征可能也存在一定关系。此外，从地貌景观的西高东低格局的形成时间考虑，其演化和发育时间主要集中在第四纪以来，期间由于气候变化可能经历过若干次“慢-快”发育的交互变化过程。

关键词: 十大孔兑, 地貌演化, GM（1, 1）模型, 构造活动, 岩性, 气候效应

Abstract: Geomorphic evolution is an important part of geomorphology. According to some indices including longitudinal section gradient,area-altitude curve,entropy of erosion basin (H (S)),entropy of longitudinal profile (H (N))and others,this paper studies the evolution of the main channel and basins of the Inner Mongolia based on a 30-m resolution DEM. Firstly,the index values and simulated their spatial variation trends were calculated by Grey model (GM (1,1)),then this paper discussed the formation mechanism of watershed landscape pattern associated with the tectonic activities,lithology characters and the climatic evolution. The results show that the ten Kongdui (seasonal river)basins are mostly in the mature stage of landform evolution except Hantaichuan basin (R5) and Haoqinghe basin (R6) being in the youth and old stages respectively,it means that there will be a high potential of sediment yield for a long time in the future. Sediment carried by the Kong dui is mainly consist of the coarse sands coming from Mesozoic loose sandstone (named as“Pisha”in Chinese)area in its upstream and desert sands coming from Kubuqi Desert. The erosion intensity of the west Kongdui basins is higher than that of the east and the main reason is that the uplift of the ground is higher than that of the west side,while the influence of climatic factors is less relatively. In contrast,as a result of the lower tectonic uplift and probably is also related to the slightly more rainfall and lithologic properties in the east basins,the evolution of longitudinal profiles of the main channel of the east area is characterized by a higher degree than the west. The formation of the existing landscape pattern of low in the east and high in the west might mainly occur in the Quaternary, and the landform evolution rate probably altered with climate change at the same time.

Key words: geomorphic evolution, the ten Kongdui basins, GM(1,1), tectonic activity, lithologic property, climate change

中图分类号:

P931.1

顾畛逵, 师长兴, 阳辉, 刘晓菲. 内蒙古十大孔兑流域地貌演化格局及其成因机制[J]. 干旱区地理, 2017, 40(6): 1188-1197.

GU Zhen-kui, SHI Chang-xing, YANG Hui, LU Xiao-fei. Landform evolution pattern of the ten Kongdui basins and its genetic mechanisms in Inner Mongolia of China[J]. , 2017, 40(6): 1188-1197.

参考文献

[1] 郭娇,王伟,石建省. 陕北洛河流域地貌演化阶段的定量分析[J]. 干旱区地理,2015,38(6):1161-1168.[GUO Jiao,WANG Wei,SHI Jiansheng. A quantitative analysis of the stage of geomorphologic evolution in Luohe Drainage Basin,north of Shaanxi Province[J]. Arid Land Geography,2015,38(6):1161-1168.]

[2] 信忠保,许炯心,马元旭. 黄土高原面积-高程分析及其侵蚀地貌学意义[J]. 山地学报,2008,26(3):356-363.[XIN Zhongbao, XU Jiongxin,MA Yuanxu. Hypsometric integral analysis and its sediment yield implications in the Loess Plateau,China[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(3):356-363.]

[3] 武春龙,李壁成,雷会珠. 小流域侵蚀地貌演化的计量分析[J]. 土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1997,3(4):55-61.[WU Chunlong, LI Bicheng,LEI Huizhu. Quantitative analysis of eroded landform evolution in small watershed[J]. Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil andWater Conservation,1997,3(4):55-61.]

[4] 李宗盟,高红山,潘保田,等. 贺兰山水系流域数值地貌特征及其构造指示意义[J]. 干旱区地理,2012,35(3):422-428.[LI Zongmeng,GAO Hongshan,PAN Baotian,et al. Geomorphic indices of the river and drainage in Helan Mountain and its indication to tectonics[J]. Arid Land Geography,2012,35(3):422- 428.]

[5] 常直杨,王建,白世彪,等. 面积高程积分值计算方法的比较[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(3):171-175.[CHANG Zhiyang, WANG Jian,BAI Shibiao,et al. Comparison of hypsometric integral methods[J]. Journal of Arid land Resources and Environment, 2015,29(3):171-175.]

[6] 刘思峰,党耀国,方志根,等. 灰色系统理论及其应用[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2010:146-166.[LIU Sifeng,Dang Yaoguo, FANG Zhigeng,et al. The grey system theory and its application[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2010:146-166.]

[7] 张品,申重阳,杨光亮,等. ASTER GDEM垂直精度评价及其在重力地形改正中的适用性[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2015,35(2):318-320.[ZHANG Pin,SHEN Chongyang,YANG Guangliang,et al. Vertical accuracy assessment ofASTER GDEM and its applicability analysis in Gravity Terrain Correction[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2015,35(2):318-330.]

[8] 贾洋,陈曦,李均力. 高山地区多源地面高程数据误差分析[J]. 干旱区地理,2014,37(4):793-800[. JIAYang,CHEN Xi,LI Junli. Error analysis of multi-source ground elevation data of mountain area[J]. Arid Land Geography,2014,37(4):793-800.]

[9] 腾吉文,王夫运,赵文智,等. 鄂尔多斯盆地上地壳速度分布与沉积建造和结晶基底起伏的构造研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 2008,51(6):1755-1762.[TENG Jiwen,WANG Fuyun,ZHAO Wenzhi,et al. Velocity distribution of upper crust,undulation of sedimentary formation and crystalline basement beneath the Ordos Basin in North China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2008,51(6):1753-1766.]

[10] 滕吉文,王夫运,赵文智,等. 阴山造山带-鄂尔多斯盆地岩石圈层、块速度结构与深层动力过程[J]. 地球物理学报,2010, 53(1):67-83.[TENG Jiwen,WANG Fuyun,ZAO Wenzhi,et al. Velocity structure of layered block and deep dynamic process in the lithosphere beneath the Yinshan orogenic belt and Ordos Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2010,53(1):67-85.]

[11] 关士聪,演怀玉,邱东洲,等. 中国海陆变迁—海域沉积相与油气[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1984.[GUAN Shicong,YAN Huaiyu, QIU Dongzhou,et al. The land-sea changes of China-marine sediment and oil-gas[M]. Beijing:Science Press,1984.]

[12] 王鸿祯,刘本培. 中国古地理图集[M]. 北京:地图出版社, 1985.[WANG Hongzhen,LIU Benpei. Paleogeographic atlas of China[M]. Beijing:SinoMaps Press,1985.]

[13] 赵昕,汪岗,韩学士. 内蒙古十大孔兑水土流失危害及治理对策[J]. 中国水土保持,2001,228(3):4-5.[ZHAO Xin,WANG Gang,HAN Xueshi. Soil erosion hazards and control measures of the ten Kong Dui basins In China's Inner Mongolia[J]. Soil andWater Conservation,2001,228(3):4-5.]

[14] 许炯心.“十大孔兑”侵蚀产沙与风水两相作用及高含沙水流的关系[J]. 泥沙研究,2013,(6):28-36.[XU Jiongxin. Erosion and sediment yield of 10 small tributaries joining Inner Mongolia reach of upper Yellow River in relation with coupled wind-water processes and hyper-concentrated flows[J]. Journal of Sediment Research,2013,(6):28-36.]

[15] 孙爱文,张荣旺,马广铭,等. 鄂尔多斯高原十大孔兑洪水泥沙分析[J]. 内蒙古科技与经济,2002,(1):69-70.[SUN Anwen, ZHANG Rongwang,MA Guangming,et al. The flood and sediment analysis of the ten tributaries in Inner Mongolia[J]. Inner Mongolia science and technology and economy,2002,(1):69- 70.]

[16] 张建,马翠丽,雷鸣,等. 内蒙古十大孔兑水沙特性及治理措施研究[J]. 人民黄河,2013,35(10):72-77.[ZHANG Jian,MA Cuili,LEI Ming,CHEN Songwei. Study on water and sediment characteristics and treatment measures of ten hyper-concentration tributaries in Inner Mongolia[J]. Yellow River,2013,35 (10):72-77.]

[17] 钱宁,张仁,周志德. 河床演变学[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1987:28.[QIAN Ning,ZHANG Ren,ZHOU Zhide. Riverbed evolution[M]. Beijing:Science Press,1987:28.]

[18] 承继美,江美球. 流域地貌数学模型[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1986:136-144.[CHEN Jimei,JIANG Meiqiu. Geomorphic mathematical models[M]. Beijing:Science Press,1986:136- 144.]

[19] 毕丽思,何宏林,徐岳仁,等. 霍山山前断裂带冲沟纵剖面数学拟合函数的构造响应特征[J]. 中山大学学报(自然科学版), 2014,53(6):37-44.[BI Lisi,HE Honglin,XU Yueren,et al. Mathematical functions fitting to the longitudinal profiles of the gullies across the Huoshan piedmont fault and their response to the tectonic movement[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,2014,53(6):37-44.]

[20] 艾南山. 侵蚀流域系统的信息熵[J]. 水土保持学报,1987,1 (2):1-7.[AI Nanshan. Co-entropy in emotional drainage system[J]. Journal of Soil andWater Conservation,1987,1(2):1-7.]

[21] 陆中臣,李忠艳,陈浩,等. 黄河下游河流下凹型纵剖面成因分析[J]. 泥沙研究,2003,(5):15-19.[LU Zhongchen,Li Zhongyan, Chen Hao,et al. A note on the contributing factors of the concave longitudinal profile of the channel in the lower Yellow River[J]. Journal of Sediment Research,2003,(5):15-19.]

[22] 赵云胜,龙昱,赵钦秋,等. 灰色系统理论在地学中的应用研究[M]. 武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1997:197-205.[ZHAO Yunsheng, LONG Yu,ZHAO Qinqiu,et al. The study of application of grey system theory in geosciences[M]. Wuhan:Central China University of technology press,1997:197-205.]

[23] 陈红宝,王乃昂,朱金峰. 青海湖及毗邻地区气候变化灰色模型预测[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(5):124-128.[CHEN Hongbao,WANG Naiang,ZHU Jinfeng. Grey model forecast of climatic change of Qinghai Lake and adjacent area[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2010,24(5):124- 128.]

[24] 王谦身,腾吉文,安玉林,等. 阴山山系与鄂尔多斯盆地北部的重力场与深部构造[J]. 地球物理学进展,2010,25(5): 1590-1598.[WANG Qianshen,TEN Jiwen,AN yulin,et al. Gravity field and deep crustal structures of the Yinshan orogen and the northern Ordos Basin[J]. Progress in Geophysics,2010, 25(5):1590-1598.]

[25] 邓起东,程绍平,闵伟,等. 鄂尔多斯块体新生代构造活动和动力学的讨论[J]. 地质力学学报,1999,5(3):13-21.[DENG Qidong, CHENG Shaoping,YANG Guizhi,et al. Discussion on Cenozoic tectonics and dynamics of Ordos block[J]. Journal of geomechanics,1999,5(3):13-19.]

[26] 石迎春,叶浩,侯宏冰,等. 内蒙古南部砒砂岩侵蚀内因分析[J]. 地球学报,2004,25(6):659-664.[SHI Yingchun,YE Hao, HOU Hongbing,et al. The internal cause of the erosion in“Pisha” Sandstone area,Southern Inner Mongolia[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2004,25(6):659-664.]

[27] 张永谦,滕吉文,王夫运,等. 阴山造山带及鄂尔多斯盆地北部地区上地壳的地震波属性结构及岩性推断[J]. 地球物理学报,2011,54(1):87-96.[ZHANG Yongqian,TENG Jiwen, WANG Fuyun,et al. Structure of the seismic wave property and lithology deduction of the upper crust beneath the Yinshan orogenic belt and the northern Ordos block[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2011,54(1):87-97.]

[28] 沙伊德格尔,艾南山. 地球动力学研究原理[J]. 大自然探索, 1985,4(2):125-129.[SCHEIDEGGER A E. Research principles of the earth dynamics[J]. Discovery of Nature,1985,4(2): 125-129.]

[29] 马丽芳. 中国地质图集[M]. 北京:地质出版社,2007:348.[MA Lifang. China's geological atlas[M]. Beijing:Geological publishing house,2007:348.]

[30] 叶浩,石建省,侯宏冰,等. 内蒙古南部砒砂岩岩性特征对重力侵蚀的影响[J]. 干旱区研究,2008,25(3):402-405.[YE Hao, SHI Jiansheng,HOU Hongbing,et al. Effect of the lithologic characters of Pisha sandstone on gravity erosion in south Inner Mongolia[J]. Arid Zone Research,2008,25(3):402-405.]

[31] 张平仓,刘玉民,张仲子. 皇甫川流域侵蚀产沙特征及成因分析[J]. 水土保持通报,1992,12(2):15-24.[ZHANG Pingcang, LIU Yumin,ZHANG Zhongzi. The features of sediment production and the analysis of genesis by erosion in Huangfuchuan Watershed[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,1992,12 (2):15-24.]

[32] 王愿昌,吴永红,寇权. 砒砂岩分布范围界定与类型区划分[J]. 中国水土保持科学,2007,5(1):14-18.[WANG Yuanchang, WU Yonghong,KOU Quan,et al. Definition of arsenic rock zone borderline and its classification[J]. Science of Soil andWater Conservation,2007,5(1):14-18.]

[33] 杜鹤强,薛娴,王涛,等. 1986-2013 年宁蒙河段风蚀模数与风沙入河量估算[J]. 农业工程学报,2015,31(10):142-150.[DU Heqiang,XUE Xian,WANG Tao,et al. Wind erosin modulus and quantity evaluation of Aeolian sediment feed into river in watershed of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia Reach of Yellow River from 1986 to 2013[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(10):142-150.]

[34] 田明中,程捷. 第四纪地质学与地貌学[M]. 北京:地质出版社,2009:224-252.[TIAN Mingzhong,CHEN Jie. The quaternary geology and geomorphology[M]. Beijing:Geological publishing house,2009:224-252.]

[35] BAOTIAN P,HONGLI P,ZHANG D,et al. Sediment grainsize characteristics and its source implication in the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia sections on the upper reaches of the Yellow River[J]. Geomorphology,2015,246(2015):255-262.

[36] WILLIAMS MA J,DUNKERLEY D L,DECKKER P D,等. 第四纪环境[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1997,189-191.[WILLIAMS M A J.,DUNKERLEY D L,DECKKER P D,LIU Dongsheng,et al. The Quaternary environment[M]. Beijing: Science Press,1997:189-191.]