浑善达克沙地锦鸡儿属（Caragana）灌丛沙堆形态特征研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.05.24

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

灌丛沙堆在维持草地生态功能和土地沙漠化过程中扮演着非常重要角色。浑善达克沙地分布着众多灌丛沙堆,其中以锦鸡儿属（Caragana）灌丛沙堆最为典型。选择不同沙漠化程度（轻度沙漠化、中度沙漠化、重度沙漠化、严重沙漠化）沙地上的锦鸡儿属灌丛沙堆,进行野外调查和灌丛沙堆形态指标测量,对比不同沙漠化程度沙地上锦鸡儿属灌丛沙堆的形态特征,分析灌丛和沙堆形态参数间的关系及其影响因子。结果表明：（1）不同沙漠化程度沙地灌丛沙堆大小不同,总体表现为灌丛沙堆规模从严重沙漠化、重度沙漠化、中度沙漠化到轻度沙漠化逐渐减小的特点,轻度和中度沙漠化沙地的灌丛沙堆形态在水平面上的垂直投影类似椭圆形、形状类似半椭圆球体,重度和严重沙漠化沙地的灌丛沙堆形态在水平面上的垂直投影类似不规则棱形、形状类似四棱锥体,沙堆形态的主要影响因素可能与沙源丰富度有关。（2）不同沙漠化程度沙地上的锦鸡儿属灌丛的各形态参数呈显著相关,重度和严重沙漠化沙地上的锦鸡儿属灌丛沙堆形态参数间的相关系数比中度和轻度的更高,总体上灌丛沙堆长轴、短轴和沙堆高度之间协同发展。（3）轻度和中度沙漠化沙地上的锦鸡儿属灌丛沙堆的长轴、短轴与高度间呈幂函数关系,表明灌丛沙堆还存在较大发展空间,重度和严重沙漠化沙地上灌丛沙堆的长轴、短轴与高度间呈二次函数关系,表明灌丛沙堆已经发育成熟,且易因根系水分供应不足等导致灌丛向衰亡方向发展。

关键词: 锦鸡儿属, 灌丛沙堆, 形态特征, 浑善达克沙地

Abstract:

A shrub-coppice dune is a geomorphic form formed by the accumulation of wind-blown sand flow in arid, semi-arid, and semi humid desert areas. Shrub-coppice dunes play an important role in maintaining the grassland ecological function and land desertification. In this study, the Otindag Sandy Land in the Inner Mongolia Plateau of China, which is rich in eolian sand activities, was selected to better explain the indicative effect of shrub-coppice dunes on land desertification. The Otindag Sandy Land has large and small shrub-coppice dunes. The Caragana shrub is the most typical in the area. Accordingly, the Caragana shrub on sandy land with different desertification degrees (i.e., mild, moderate, severe, and serious) was selected for the field investigation and measurement of the shrub and sand indicators. The morphological characteristics, relationship between the shrub and sand morphological parameters, and influencing factors were analyzed using the Pearson correlation and regression analysis. Consequently, first, we found that the size of the shrub-coppice dunes was different under different desertification degrees and became gradually smaller from serious, severe, and moderate desertification to mild desertification. The shapes of the shrub-coppice dunes on the mild-and moderate-desertification lands were similar to an ellipse in the plane vertical projection and to a semi-ellipsoid in space. Meanwhile, their shapes on the severe- and serious-desertification lands were irregular in the plane vertical projection. The main influencing factors may be related to the abundance of sand source. Second, the correlation coefficient between the morphological parameters of the Caragana shrub and sand on sandy land with different desertification degrees was found significant. In particular, the correlation coefficient between the morphological parameters of both on severe- and serious-desertification lands was higher. In general, the long and short axes and the shrub-coppice dune height cooperatively developed. Third, a power function relationship existed between the long and short axes and the height of the Caragana shrub under the mild-and moderate-desertification sandy land, which indicated a large room for development. The relationship between the long and short axes and the shrub-coppice dune height on severe-and serious-desertification sandy lands is a quadratic function. This indicates that the shrub-coppice dunes are mature, and the insufficient water supply of the root system can easily lead to the decline of shrubs. The appearance of shrub-coppice dunes is an important landscape sign in the desertification process. The shape of these dunes is closely related to the degree of desertification. However, different from previous studies on the morphological differences of shrub-coppice dunes under different evolution stages in arid and semi-arid areas, the relationship between the morphological characteristics of these dunes and the degree of desertification and the response of the dunes to different desertification degrees have not been clarified. This study links the development status of shrub-coppice dunes with desertification and provides a reference basis for the evaluation of the development stages of land desertification and evolution trend analysis.

Key words: Caragana, shrub-coppice dunes, morphological characteristics, Otindag Sandy Land

支莹,刘树林,康文平,郭紫晨,冯坤. 浑善达克沙地锦鸡儿属（Caragana）灌丛沙堆形态特征研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(5): 1438-1448.

ZHI Ying,LIU Shulin,KANG Wenping,GUO Zichen,FENG Kun. Morphological characteristics of Caragana shrub-coppice dune in Otindag Sandy Land[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(5): 1438-1448.

图/表 9

图1

表1

表2

锦鸡儿属灌丛形态参数和沙堆形态参数"

沙漠化程度		$L p / cm$	$W p / cm$	$H p / cm$	$L d / cm$	$W d / cm$	$H d / cm$	$S d / c m 2$	$V d / 106 c m 3$
轻度	最大值	272.0	350.0	123.0	528.0	353.0	84.0	138068.28	4.658
	最小值	38.0	46.0	15.0	76.0	42.0	5.0	2803.87	0.018
	平均值	129.6	140.6	47.6	255.2	133.6	17.8	30961.50	0.494
	标准误差	51.2	62.2	23.1	109.3	60.8	12.0	27260.80	0.780
中度	最大值	376.0	374.0	175.0	766.0	355.0	64.0	203240.62	8.298
	最小值	80.0	83.0	29.0	145.0	64.0	12.0	7288.49	0.073
	平均值	194.0	196.5	67.6	383.9	187.6	34.8	64020.04	1.753
	标准误差	70.2	67.8	24.7	143.0	72.3	12.6	47834.7	1.823
重度	最大值	1160.0	1050.0	250.0	1500.0	1060.0	147.0	793940.00	30.434
	最小值	42.0	56.0	20.0	115.0	47.0	8.0	2702.50	0.014
	平均值	243.9	247.0	83.7	475.1	237.2	44.9	73374.22	1.865
	标准误差	148.2	144.9	39.9	255.0	152.6	27.4	116256.12	4.825
严重	最大值	762.0	802.0	303.0	2402.0	840.0	342.0	1008840.00	82.725
	最小值	66.0	75.0	27.0	101.0	66.0	10.0	4191.50	0.018
	平均值	215.5	221.1	85.3	452.3	215.1	51.0	68273.75	2.849
	标准误差	122.2	128.8	46.2	314.2	147.3	48.8	131806.33	10.851

表2

表3

锦鸡儿属灌丛沙堆形态参数相关性分析"

沙漠化程度	形态参数	$L p$	$W p$	$H p$	$L d$	$W d$	$H d$	$S d$	$V d$
轻度	$L p$	1.000
	$W p$	0.727^**	1.000
	$H p$	0.660^**	0.735^**	1.000
	$L d$	0.833^**	0.840^**	0.799^**	1.000
	$W d$	0.699^**	0.928^**	0.684^**	0.802^**	1.000
	$H d$	0.460^**	0.583^**	0.539^**	0.576^**	0.547^**	1.000
	$S d$	0.725^**	0.917^**	0.803^**	0.908^**	0.937^**	0.574^**	1.000
	$V d$	0.532^**	0.761^**	0.735^**	0.752^**	0.743^**	0.862^**	0.834^**	1.000
中度	$L p$	1.000
	$W p$	0.834^**	1.000
	$H p$	0.498^**	0.460^**	1.000
	$L d$	0.918^**	0.879^**	0.559^**	1.000
	$W d$	0.876^**	0.947^**	0.560^**	0.918^**	1.000
	$H d$	0.609^**	0.708^**	0.667^**	0.676^**	0.701^**	1.000
	$S d$	0.890^**	0.914^**	0.527^**	0.969^**	0.950^**	0.668^**	1.000
	$V d$	0.814^**	0.867^**	0.545^**	0.911^**	0.884^**	0.764^**	0.960^**	1.000
重度	$L p$	1.000
	$W p$	0.898^**	1.000
	$H p$	0.643^**	0.742^**	1.000
	$L d$	0.855^**	0.875^**	0.722^**	1.000
	$W d$	0.895^**	0.979^**	0.707^**	0.875^**	1.000
	$H d$	0.723^**	0.772^**	0.821^**	0.791^**	0.778^**	1.000
	$S d$	0.865^**	0.930^**	0.657^**	0.895^**	0.945^**	0.721^**	1.000
	$V d$	0.809^**	0.889^**	0.641^**	0.850^**	0.904^**	0.726^**	0.984^**	1.000
严重	$L p$	1.000
	$W p$	0.923^**	1.000
	$H p$	0.731^**	0.750^**	1.000
	$L d$	0.730^**	0.727^**	0.873^**	1.000
	$W d$	0.896^**	0.954^**	0.829^**	0.848^**	1.000
	$H d$	0.740^**	0.704^**	0.851^**	0.830^**	0.798^**	1.000
	$S d$	0.663^**	0.709^**	0.808^**	0.944^**	0.851^**	0.787^**	1.000
	$V d$	0.517^**	0.548^**	0.751^**	0.885^**	0.719^**	0.813^**	0.957^**	1.000

表3

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

参考文献 28

[1]	Tengberg A, Chen D L. A comparative analysis of nebkhas in central Tunisia and northern Burkina Faso[J]. Geomorphology, 1998, 22(2):181-192. doi: 10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00068-8
[2]	Nicking W G, Wolfe S A. The morphology and origin of nabkhas, region of Mopti, Mali, west Africa[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 1994, 28(1):13-30. doi: 10.1016/S0140-1963(05)80017-5
[3]	武胜利. 新疆和田河流域灌(草)丛沙堆发育机制研究[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2007.
	[ Wu Shengli. Study on development mechanism of nebkha in the basin of Hetian River, Xinjiang[D]. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2007. ]
[4]	Al-Awadhi J M, Al-Dousari A M. Morphological characteristics and development of coastal nabkhas, north-east Kuwait[J]. International Journal of Earth Ences, 2013, 102(3):949-958.
[5]	Yan N, Baas A C W. Environmental controls, morphodynamic processes, and ecogeomorphic interactions of barchan to parabolic dune transformations[J]. Geomorphology, 2017, 278:209-237. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.10.033
[6]	魏亚娟, 汪季, 党晓宏, 等. 不同生境白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)灌丛沙堆形态特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2019, 36(1):253-261.
	[ Wei Yajuan, Wang Ji, Dang Xiaohong, et al. Morphological features of Nitraria tangutorum nebkhas in different habitats[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2019, 36(1):253-261. ]
[7]	Gillies J A, Nield J M, Nickling W G. Wind speed and sediment transport recovery in the lee of a vegetated and denuded nebkha within a nebkha dune field[J]. Aeolian Research, 2014, 12:135-141. doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2013.12.005
[8]	王懿萱, 陈天源, 吴蝉, 等. 柴达木盆地西台吉乃尔盐湖沉积的年代学研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2019, 42(4):876-884.
	[ Wang Yixuan, Chen Tianyuan, Wu Chan, et al. Formation and evolution of the Xitaijinair Salt Lake in Qaidam Basin revealed by chronology[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2019, 42(4):876-884. ]
[9]	刘旻霞, 夏素娟, 南笑宁, 等. 基于Ripley’s K(r)函数的荒漠锦鸡儿种群分布格局[J]. 干旱区研究, 2019, 36(3):606-613.
	[ Liu Minxia, Xia Sujuan, Nan Xiaoning, et al. Distribution pattern of Caragana roborovskyi population based on Ripley’s K(r) function[J]. Arid Zone Research. 2019, 36(3):606-613. ]
[10]	杜建会, 严平, 董玉祥. 干旱地区灌丛沙堆研究现状与展望[J]. 地理学报, 2010, 65(3):339-350.
	[ Du Jianhui, Yan Ping, Dong Yuxiang. The progress and prospects of nebkhas in arid areas[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(3):339-350. ]
[11]	张萍, 哈斯, 岳兴玲, 等. 白刺灌丛沙堆形态与沉积特征[J]. 干旱区地理, 2008, 31(6):926-932.
	[ Zhang Ping, Ha Si, Yue Xingling, et al. Morphology and sedimentary characteristics of Nitraria tangutorum[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2008, 31(6):926-932. ]
[12]	张媛媛, 马成仓, 韩磊, 等. 内蒙古高原荒漠区四种锦鸡儿属植物灌丛沙包形态和固沙能力比较[J]. 生态学报, 2012, 32(11):3343-3351.
	[ Zhang Yuanyuan, Ma Chengcang, Han Lei, et al. Nabkha morphology and sand-fixing capability of four dominant Caragana species in the desert region of the Inner Mongolia Plateau[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2012, 32(11):3343-3351. ]
[13]	左合君, 杨阳, 张宏飞, 等. 阿拉善戈壁区白刺灌丛沙堆形态特征研究[J]. 水土保持研究, 2018, 25(1):263-269.
	[ Zuo Hejun, Yang Yang, Zhang Hongfei, et al. Morphological characters of Nitraria dune in Gobi of Alxa[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018, 25(1):263-269. ]
[14]	王涛. 中国沙漠与沙漠化[M]. 石家庄: 河北科学技术出版社. 2003: 137-140.
	[ Wang Tao. Desert and desertification in China[M]. Shijiazhuang: Hebei Science and Technology Press, 2003: 137-140. ]
[15]	El-Bana M I, Nijs I, Khedr A H A. The importance of phytogenic mounds (nebkhas) for restoration of arid degraded rangelands in northern Sinai[J]. Restoration Ecology, 2003, 11(3):317-324. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2003.00222.x
[16]	吕萍, 董治宝, 赵爱国, 等. 灌丛密度对沙粒粒度和起动风速影响研究[J]. 泥沙研究, 2011(3):63-66.
	[ Lü Ping, Dong Zhibao, Zhao Aiguo, et al. Effect of shrub density on grain sizes and threshold wind velocity[J]. Journal of Sediment Research, 2011(3):63-66. ]
[17]	谭凤翥, 王雪芹, 王海峰, 等. 柽柳灌丛沙堆三维流场随背景植被变化的风洞实验[J]. 中国沙漠, 2018, 38(1):48-57.
	[ Tan Fengzhu, Wang Xueqin, Wang Haifeng, et al. Wind tunnel simulation of the three-dimensional airflow patterns around Tamarix ramosissima nebkhas under the change of background vegetation coverage[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2018, 38(1):48-57. ]
[18]	Langford R P. Nabkha (coppice dune) fields of south-central New Mexico, USA[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2000, 46(1):25-41. doi: 10.1006/jare.2000.0650
[19]	高永, 丁延龙, 汪季, 等. 不同植物灌丛沙丘表面沉积物粒度变化及其固沙能力[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(22):135-142.
	[ Gao Yong, Ding Yanlong, Wang Ji, et al. Sediments particle size changes and its sand fixation ability for different shrub dunes[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017, 33(22):135-142. ]
[20]	陈东, 张宇清, 吴斌, 等. 毛乌素沙地南缘油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)灌丛沙堆形态特征[J]. 中国沙漠, 2015, 35(3):565-572.
	[ Chen Dong, Zhang Yuqing, Wu Bin, et al. The morphological characteristics of Artemisia ordosica nebkhas at different evolvement stages in southern margin of Mu Us Desert[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2015, 35(3):565-572. ]
[21]	詹科杰. 民勤荒漠绿洲过渡带白刺灌丛沙堆表面风沙输运特征与沙堆形成发育的关系研究[D]. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2016.
	[ Zhan Kejie. Researching of the coherence relationship between surface wind-sand flow characteristic and shaping of Nitraria tangutorum nebkhas[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2016. ]
[22]	常兆丰, 朱淑娟, 杜娟, 等. 民勤绿洲边缘积沙带形成的环境条件[J]. 干旱区地理, 2019, 42(6):1330-1336.
	[ Chang Zhaofeng, Zhu Shujuan, Du Juan, et al. Environmental factors causing the formation of sand-accumulation belt along the oasis fringe in Minqin[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2019, 42(6):1330-1336. ]
[23]	谢国勋, 罗维成, 赵文智. 荒漠草原带沙源及灌丛对灌丛沙堆形态的影响[J]. 中国沙漠, 2015, 35(3):573-581.
	[ Xie Guoxun, Luo Weicheng, Zhao Wenzhi. Effect of sand source and shrub features on nebkha morphological characteristics in desert steppe[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2015, 35(3):573-581. ]
[24]	高永, 党晓宏, 虞毅, 等. 乌兰布和沙漠东南缘白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocphala)灌丛沙堆形态特征与固沙能力[J]. 中国沙漠, 2015, 35(1):1-7.
	[ Gao Yong, Dang Xiaohong, Yu Yi, et al. Nabkha morphological characteristics and sand fixing capacity of Artemisia sphaerocphala in the south edge of the Ulan Buh Desert[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2015, 35(1):1-7. ]
[25]	孔芳芳, 谭利华, 伍永秋, 等. 柴达木盆地不同沉积区灌丛沙堆形态与沉积特征[J]. 北京师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 52(1):56-62.
	[ Kong Fangfang, Tan Lihua, Wu Yongqiu, et al. Mophology and sediments of nebkha in Qaidam Basin[J]. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 2016, 52(1):56-62. ]
[26]	张萍, 哈斯·额尔敦, 杨一, 等. 小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛沙堆形态对沙源供给形式和丰富度的响应[J]. 中国沙漠, 2015, 35(6):1453-1460.
	[ Zhang Ping, Eerdun Hasi, Yang Yi, et al. Responses of nebkhas morphology to the mode and richness of sand supply[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2015, 35(6):1453-1460. ]
[27]	柳菲, 陈沛源, 于海超, 等. 民勤绿洲不同土地利用类型下土壤水盐的空间分布特征分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2020, 43(2):406-414.
	[ Liu Fei, Chen Peiyuan, Yu Haichao, et al. Spatial distribution characteristics of soil water and salt under different land use types in Minqin[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2020, 43(2):406-414. ]
[28]	Hu X X, Mitsuru H, Wu Y N, et al. Responses in gross primary production of Stipa krylovii and Allium polyrhizum to a temporal rainfall in a temperate grassland of Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2019, 11(6):824-836. doi: 10.1007/s40333-019-0127-1

沙漠化程度	样点编号	地貌景观	风沙活动特点	人为干扰程度	植物类型			盖度/%
沙漠化程度	样点编号	地貌景观	风沙活动特点	人为干扰程度	灌木层优势种	草本层优势种	草本层伴生种	盖度/%
轻度	13,14,15,16,17,26	缓起伏半固定沙丘或平缓灌丛退化草地,灌丛均匀分布	较弱	放牧干扰较为严重	小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）	冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）/戈壁天门冬（Asparagus gobicus）/苔草（Carex tristachya）/沙葱（Allium mongolicum）/针茅（Stipa capillata）/阿尔泰狗娃花（Heteropappus altaicu）	狭叶锦鸡儿（Caragana stenophylla）	20~35
中度	8,18,22,23,24,25	平坦灌丛沙堆地或缓起伏半固定灌丛沙地	中等强烈	轻-中度	小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）	针茅（Stipa capillata）/沙竹（Phyllostachys propinqua）/银灰旋花（Convolvulus ammannii）/冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）/戈壁天门冬（Asparagus gobicus）	砂蓝刺头（Echinops gmelini）/戈壁天门冬（Asparagus gobicus）/阿尔泰狗娃花（Heteropappus altaicu）	15~25
重度	1,2,3,5,11,19,20,21,27	多处于风沙口,沙源丰富,起伏半流动灌丛沙地景观	地表起沙强烈	轻度	小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）	沙竹（Phyllostachys propinqua）/骆驼蓬（Peganum harmala）/针茅（Stipa capillata）/冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）	沙米（Agriophyllum squarrosum）	10~20
严重	4,6,7,9,10,12	典型平缓半流动沙丘,存在大风蚀坑,基岩出露地形	严重起沙	较少	小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）	沙竹（Phyllostachys propinqua）/沙米（Agriophyllum squarrosum）	-	5~10