半干旱区煤化工高含盐废水自然蒸发规律研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.04.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究提出了1种选定特定区域可以代表气象因素影响的蒸发模型（公式）的实验方法,通过结合气象因子分析,将淡水的理论蒸发量与实际蒸发量进行对比,选定合理的蒸发模型,并结合对不同溶解性总固体（TDS）含盐废水蒸发实验的结果对蒸发模型进行了改进,使其适用于含盐废水蒸发量的计算,以此为企业在蒸发塘的建设阶段及运行、管理过程中提供理论依据。研究表明：在实验时段,蒸发与水面净辐射、气温呈正相关,与湿度呈负相关,与风速的相关性不显著;而从灰色关联度来看,气象因子对蒸发的影响程度为：水面净辐射>气温>风速>湿度;实验时段童宏良公式计算的淡水理论蒸发量为205.76 mm,为最接近当地的实际蒸发量205.51 mm,最能代表当地气象因素对水面蒸发的影响;而相对蒸发率和反映溶液组成变化的TDS大致呈线性相关,R²达0.95,在此基础上确定了适宜当地估算含盐废水蒸发量的公式。本研究还从气温影响及溶液成分的角度对相对蒸发率进行讨论,认为实验值与蒸发塘实际记录值的差距是由于气温引起溶液饱和度下降导致的,而理论值与实验值的差距则是由于在计算时将含盐废水原液作为理想溶液,并未考虑溶液中各组分分子间的相互作用力。因此,蒸发塘选址时应注意当地的气象因素,且在蒸发塘处理含盐废水时,应及时对蒸发塘内的析出物进行处理,避免蒸发过程中TDS增大对蒸发的影响。

关键词: 高含盐废水, 蒸发模型（公式）, 蒸发试验, 相对蒸发率, TDS（溶解性总固体）, 拉乌尔定律, 半干旱区

Abstract:

To enable a deep understanding of the influence of meteorological factors and TDS on the evaporation of saline wastewater in semi-arid areas, as well as to provide a reference and basis for the construction, operation, and management of evaporation ponds, based on the evaporation and meteorological data of the experimental station and Ejin Horo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, this paper analyzed natural evaporation processing of high saline wastewater. The influence degree of different meteorological factors on the water surface evaporation was analyzed using correlation analysis and the gray correlation method. On this basis, a local theoretical evaporation formula was determined by comparing different theoretical formulas to calculate the evaporation and measured evaporation. Finally, the influence of TDS on the evaporation of saline wastewater with different concentrations was analyzed using a linear regression analysis. The results show that the evaporation of fresh water is positively correlated with the net radiation of the water surface and air temperature, negatively correlated with humidity, and insignificantly correlated with the wind speed during the experimental period. The order of the effects of the meteorological factors on evaporation was net radiation from water surface>temperature>wind speed>humidity. Tong Hongliang’s formula can best represent the influence of the meteorological factors on the evaporation of the water surface because its calculation result of 205.76 mm was closest to the actual local evaporation of 205.51 mm during the experimental period. The relative evaporation rates of different TDS water samples were approximately linearly correlated with their TDS values (R²=0.95). In addition, the relative evaporation rate was discussed from the point of view of the temperature effect and solution composition. It is thought that the difference between the experimental value and the actual recorded value of the evaporation pool might be due to the decrease in the solution saturation caused by temperature, while the difference between the theoretical and experimental values might be due to the fact that the saline wastewater was treated as an ideal solution in the calculation without considering the interaction force between the molecules of each component in the solution. Therefore, attention should be paid to local meteorological factors in the site selection of evaporating ponds and the precipitates from the evaporating ponds should be treated in a timely manner to keep the influence of TDS from increasing during evaporation. In this study, field experimental data were used to investigate the natural evaporation processing of high saline wastewater in a semi-arid area. In addition to considering conventional meteorological factors, the influence of TDS on evaporation was considered. Therefore, the results have practical significance for guiding the treatment of salt-bearing wastewater in semi-arid regions.

Key words: high saline wastewater, evaporation model, evaporation experiment, relative evaporation rate, TDS, Raoul’s law, semi-arid area

郭云彤,邵景力,崔亚莉,张秋兰,刘艳明. 半干旱区煤化工高含盐废水自然蒸发规律研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(4): 971-982.

GUO Yuntong,SHAO Jingli,CUI Yali,ZHANG Qiulan,LIU Yanming. Natural evaporation processing of high saline wastewater in semi-arid area[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(4): 971-982.

图/表 14

图1

图2

表1

含盐废水主要成分及含量"

主要成分及指标	含量/mg·L^-1	含量/mmol·L^-1
钠（Na⁺）	24630.00	1070.87
镁（Mg²⁺）	1663.00	69.29
钙（Ca²⁺）	715.70	17.89
钾（K⁺）	861.40	22.09
铵根（ $N H 4 +$ ）	37.46	2.08
氯离子（Cl^-）	13205.10	371.97
硫酸根（ $S O 4 2 -$ ）	30600.00	318.75
碳酸氢根（ $HC O 3 -$ ）	195.30	3.20
硝酸根（ $N O 3 -$ ）	15698.59	253.20
合计	87606.55	-
水（H₂O）	982393.45	54577.41

表1

表2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

表3

图8

表4

表5

图9

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仪器	观测项目	观测期	观测频率	观测精度
E601型蒸发器	淡水蒸发量	9月1日至10月29日上冻为止（共59 d）	每日1次人工观测	±0.01 mm
	10%稀释原液蒸发量
	25%稀释原液蒸发量
	50%稀释原液蒸发量
	含盐废水原液蒸发量
TC-03移动式气象站	湿度（水面处、1.5 m处）	9月1日至10月29日上冻为止（共59 d）	每小时1次自动观测	±2%
	气温（水面处、1.5 m处）			±0.1 ℃
	风速（水面处、1.5 m处）			±0.3 m·s^-1
	大气压			±0.3%
	降雨量			±0.2 mm
	总辐射			±5%

与实测值相关关系	李万义公式	施成熙公式	洪嘉连公式	童宏良公式
R²	0.565	0.548	0.501	0.605
均方根误差	2.283	2.063	1.982	1.011

编号	水样	TDS/g·L^-1		密度/g·L^-1		累计蒸发量/mm	相对蒸发率/%
编号	水样	初期	末期	初期	末期	累计蒸发量/mm	相对蒸发率/%
1	淡水	0.04	1	1000	1000	205.51	1.000
2	10%废水	18.79	18	1013	1013	199.91	0.973
3	25%废水	22.76	22	1017	1016	199.21	0.969
4	50%废水	43.82	41	1036	1030	196.13	0.954
5	原始废水	87.57	52	1070	1042	192.65	0.937
6	实验末期新取废水	-	53	-	1043	-	-