当前农业用水一直占据总用水量的绝大部分，是农业生产发展的基础投入要素。而复杂的气候环境却给农业用水带来了巨大挑战，农业水资源的供需矛盾显得更为突出。以微观层面为出发点，探讨灌溉行为目标偏好对灌溉用水效率的影响，以期优化和选择提高农业用水效率的方式，实现资源环境约束下农业效益最大化。以新疆沙雅县传统农户为研究对象，构建随机前沿模型，测算农业生产技术效率，并推算出灌溉用水效率；然后利用Tobit模型探讨灌溉行为目标偏好及其他因素对灌溉用水效率的影响。结果表明：农户的农业生产技术效率的平均值为0.824，灌溉用水效率平均值为0.560，农业生产技术效率和灌溉用水效率均未达到技术完全高效的程度，仍有提高的余地。对影响因素的研究发现，年龄、受教育程度、农业收入占总收入比重、灌溉面积、对水资源是否紧缺的认知、是否为村干部、是否参与过培训、偏好利润最大化和偏好节约用水对灌溉用水效率有显著正向影响；耗水作物种植面积占总播种面积比重、偏好减少劳动力投入对灌溉用水效率有显著负向影响；农业劳动力、节水灌溉面积占总灌溉面积比重、用水成本、偏好及时灌溉和可持续发展对灌溉用水效率影响不显著，且用水成本对灌溉用水效率的提高起负向作用。为提高灌溉用水效率提出以下对策建议：增强农户节水意识、调整种植结构、完善灌溉水价机制。

The predominant share of total water consumption is currently attributed to agricultural water, which serves as the fundamental input for agricultural production and development. However, the intricate climate environment presents formidable challenges to the effective use of agricultural water, accentuating the imbalance between the supply and demand of agricultural water resources. This study delves into micro-level dynamics, specifically exploring the impact of irrigation behavior goal preferences on irrigation water use efficiency. This study aims to optimize strategies and select methods that enhance agricultural water use efficiency, thereby maximizing agricultural benefits within available resources and environmental context constraints. Focusing on traditional farmers in Xayar County, Aksu Prefecture of Xinjiang, China, this study employs a stochastic frontier model to calculate farmers’ technical efficiency in agricultural production and irrigation water efficiency. Subsequently, the Tobit model was applied to examine the influences of irrigation behavior goal preferences and other factors on irrigation water use efficiency. The findings reveal that the average technical efficiency of farmers’ agricultural production is 0.824, with an average irrigation water efficiency of 0.560. Both technical efficiency in agricultural production and irrigation water efficiency fall short of achieving total technical efficiency, indicating potential for improvement. Upon analyzing the influencing factors, we observed that age, education level, proportion of agricultural income in total income, irrigated area, awareness of water shortage, village cadres status, participation in training, preference for profit maximization, and preference for water conservation exert substantial positive effects on irrigation water efficiency. Consequently, the proportion of planting area for water-consuming crops to the total sown area and the preference to reduce labor input have notable negative impacts on irrigation water efficiency. The agricultural labor force, proportion of water-saving irrigated area in the total irrigated area, water use cost, preference for timely irrigation, and sustainable development have no substantial effects on irrigation water use efficiency. Notably, water use costs negatively influence improving irrigation water use efficiency. Several strategic recommendations have been proposed to enhance irrigation water use efficiency, including increasing farmers’ awareness of water conservation, adjusting planting structures, and refining the irrigation water price mechanism.