垄膜保墒集雨对旱地桃园土壤养分及酶活性的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 提高西北黄土高原旱地果园水分和肥料利用效率的途径和方法是该地区桃树稳产丰产的核心问题。探讨垄膜保墒集雨技术对土壤养分及酶活性的影响，为生产中合理利用垄膜覆盖提供理论依据。利用大田定位试验方法，在年均降雨量500 mm左右的西北黄土高原半干旱丘陵沟壑区选择5 a成龄"秦王桃"桃园，连续4 a研究了垄膜保墒集雨全年覆盖（PFM）、垄膜保墒集雨3~6月底覆盖（JM，2月底覆膜，6月底揭膜）及清耕（对照，CT）条件下不同土层（0~30 cm和30~60cm）土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾及酶活性的变化。实验表明：与CT相比，PFM和JM两种处理均显著改变了果园土壤有效养分成分，但两种处理之间存在差异。0~30 cm土层，土壤碱解氮PFM和JM分别较CT增加了27.7%和14.6%；其中0~30 cm土层有效磷PFM较JM减少了31.0%；在30~60 cm土层，碱解氮PFM较JM增加了9.7%、有效磷减少了11.5%；PFM、JM显著提高了土壤脲酶、磷酸酶的活性，降低根际过氧化氢酶活性。其中0~30 cm土壤PFM和JM较CT脲酶活性分别增加21.5%和51.42%，磷酸酶活性分别增加11.2%和21.4%，JM较PFM更有利于微生物和酶活性的提高。可见，垄膜保墒集雨技术JM处理更有利于果园土壤养分转化和树体养分利用，同时有利于土壤环境的改善。

关键词: 桃园, 垄膜覆盖, 土壤养分, 土壤酶活性

Abstract: The hillside peach orchard in Qin'an County of Gansu Province is an important peach tree cultivation region in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China under rain-fed production systems(without irrigation), where precipitation is the major water resource for peach tree growth. Increasing crop water-use efficiency(WUE) through water conservation in the soil is an important component of dry land farming. Mulching is among the water management practices for increasing WUE which greatly reduced the seasonal drought limits on peach production. We assume that the fruit quality is also affected by variation of the soil environment caused by mulching treatments, such as nutrition, enzyme, soil structure, etc. Thus, a better understanding of the soil nutrition and carbohydrate and nitrogen partitioning in mulching treatments aimed at fruit quality and peach tree vegetative growth was necessary. However there is no in-depth study on soil nutrient change and the influence of the enzyme activity in orchard where the ridge film mulching has been applied for a long time. In this study, field experiments were performed from 2012 to 2015 in Qin'an County(105° 41' 51" N,34° 49' 88" E, 1 360 m above sea level) which is located in the southwest Loess Plateau in Gansu Province, China. This semiarid region is characterized by a continental, monsoonal climate, the 30-year mean annual temperature is 11.4℃, and the average annual precipitation is 449 mm. The soil from the ground down 60 cm is loessial, with 12.3 g·kg^-1 average organic matter content and a pH of 8.7. The experimental orchard was planted with peach trees(Prunus persica cv.‘Qinwang’ + rootstock ‘Prunus davidiana(Carr.) Franch’) 5 years prior to the study. Soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and the changes of enzyme activity were analyzed continuously at different soil layer(0-30 cm and 30-60 cm) under the condition of PFM(plastic film mulching for the whole year), JM (mulch in late February and uncover the film in late June)and CT(clean tillage). The results showed that:Compared with CT, PFM and JM significantly changed available nutrient of the soil, but there were differences between PFM and JM. At soil layer from the ground down 30 cm, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in PFM and JM were increased by 27.7% and 14.6% respectively than that in CT. Compared with JM, available phosphorus in PFM was decreased by 31.0%, and available potassium was increased by 5.0%. At the soil layer from the depth of 30 cm to 60 cm, if compared with JM, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in PFM was increased by 9.7%, available phosphorus and available potassium in PFM were decreased by 11.5% and 12% respectively. The PFM and JM significantly increased the activity of soil urease and phosphatase, decreased the rhizosphere catalase activity. At soil layer from the ground down 30 cm, urine enzyme activity in PFM and JM were increased by 21.5% and 51.42% respectively, phosphatase activity were increased 11.2% and 21.4% respectively than those in CT, JM was more beneficial to the improvement of the microorganism and enzyme activity, and also to the orchard soil nutrient transformation and nutrient utilization.

Key words: peach orchard, ridge film mulching, soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity

中图分类号:

S153.6

王晨冰, 张帆, 赵秀梅, 王鸿, 王发林. 垄膜保墒集雨对旱地桃园土壤养分及酶活性的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(3): 572-581.

WANG Chen-bing, ZHANG Fan, ZHAO Xiu-mei, WANG Hong, WANG Fa-lin. Effects of the ridge mulching and soil moisture on soil nutrient and enzyme activity in dryland peach orchard[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(3): 572-581.

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