吉尔吉斯柯孜尔河上游河谷草场能量闭合分析

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过分析了2014 年8 月13~11 月12 号吉尔吉斯斯坦克孜尔苏山地生态观测站的湍流通量和有效能量的日、月变化特征，并且通过对能量平衡残差（D）以及能量平衡比率（EBR）两种主要方法，分析了该研究区域的能量闭合情况和月变化特征。结果表明：有效能量和湍流通量呈单峰模式的日变化特征，并且在观测期间随着月份的变化，有效能量和湍流通量的月平均值在显著减小；通过对研究区域的能量平衡分析，发现其能量不闭合的情况，并且有研究表明，土壤热通量计算不准确是主要的因素之一。通过对能量平衡残差（D）分析，得出这个观测期间基本上在8~16 点之间能量平衡残差大于零，大概在8 点和16 点的时候能量达到了平衡；用能量平衡比率（EBR）研究能量闭合情况得出，能量平衡比率8月份的0.75，9月份最小为0.7左右，10月份的为0.85。

关键词: 能量平衡, 潜热通量, 感热通量, 涡度相关

Abstract: Based on the data from August 13^th to November 12^th, 2014, observed at Kizil Sue mountain ecological observatory in Kyrgyzstan, this research analyzed the day and month variation characteristics of the turbulent flux and the effective energy. Besides, this paper used two methods, difference value of energy balance(D)and the energy balance ratio(EBR), to analyze the energy closure of the study area and its month's variation characteristics. The geographical coordinates of the study area, which is located on the southeast of the Isser Lake, were 78.202°E, 42.191°N. The vegetation of the study area was the typical grassland, but there were some tall and dense forests around the study area. The types of the vegetation were complicated. And the study area was more typical. So analyzing the energy and material exchanging rule of the region was beneficial to the sustainable development of the water resources and the ecological environment of the region. Two tools including the eddy covariance technique and the auxiliary meteorological observation system were used for data collecting. The water and heat flux data and turbulent data were collected by the eddy covariance technique, while the data of the net radiation(R_n)and the soil heat flux were collected by the auxiliary meteorological observation system which collected the precipitation data at the same time. The precipitation data did be a standard for getting rid of the flux data. The results show that:the turbulent flux's and the effective energy's day variation characteristics presented unimodal pattern. The monthly mean values reduced evidently through months. Besides, the energy closure changed as the months changed. Through the observation of the energy balance in the study area from August 13^th, 2014 to November 11^th, 2014, we found that the area's energy was not closed, and the inaccurate calculation for the soil heat flux was one of the main factors that could lead the energy to imbalance. By the method of residual energy balance(D), we found that D was beyond 0 from 8∶00 to 16∶00 during the period of observation, the energy kept the balance at about 8∶00 and 16∶00. Through the method of the energy balance ratio(EBR), results show that the degree of energy balance was about 75% in the whole period of observation, and the best degree of energy balance was 0.85 in October, in August, it was 0.75, and 0.7 in September. The energy closure degree in this paper cloud be used as one standard of the regional carbon flux data evaluation, and thus could lay foundation for the study of regional carbon exchange in the future.

Key words: energy balance, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, eddy covariance

中图分类号:

P422.4

王喜花, 徐俊荣. 吉尔吉斯柯孜尔河上游河谷草场能量闭合分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2017, 40(2): 373-379.

WANG Xi-hua, XU Jun-rong. Grassland energy closure analysis of upstream valley of Kizil River in the Kyrgyzstan Republic in summer[J]. , 2017, 40(2): 373-379.

参考文献

[1] 胡海清, 魏书精, 孙龙, 等.气候变化、火干扰与生态系统碳循环[J]. 干旱区地理, 2013, 36(1):57-75.[HU Haiqing, WEI Shujing, SUN Long, et al.Interaction among climate change, fire disturbance and ecosystem carbon cycle[J].Arid Land Geography, 2013, 36(1):57-75.]

[2] 王介民, 王维真, 奥银焕, 等. 复杂条件下湍流通量的观测与分析[J]. 地理科学进展2007, 22(8):791-797.[WANG Jiemin, WANG Weizhen, AO Yinhuan, et al. Turbulence flux measurements under complicated conditions[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2007, 22(8):791-797.]

[3] 李茂善, 杨耀先, 马耀明, 等. 纳木错(湖)地区湍流数据质量控制和湍流通量变化特征[J]. 高原气象2012, 31(4):875-884.[LI Maoshan, YANG Yaoxian, MA Yaoming, et al. Analyses on turbulence data control and distribution of surface energy flux in Namco Area of Tibetan Plateau[J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2012, 31(4):875-884.]

[4] 涂钢, 刘辉志, 董文杰. 半干旱区不同下垫面近地层湍流通量特征分析[J]. 大气科学2009, 33(4):719-725.[TU Gang, LIU Huizhi, DONG Wenjie. Characteristics of the surface turbulent fluxes over degraded grassland and cropland in the semi-arid area[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2009, 33(4): 719-725.]

[5] 李正泉, 于贵瑞, 温学发, 等. 中国通量观测网(ChinaFLUX)能量平衡闭合状况的评价[J]. 中国科学D辑, 地球科学, 2004, 34 (增刊Ⅱ):46-56.[LI Zhengquan, YU Guirui, WEN Xuefa, et al. The evaluation of energy balance cosures'conditions of China- FLUX[J]. Science In China Ser.D Earth Sciences, 2004, 34(S2): 46-56.]

[6] WILSON K B, GOLDSTEIN A H, FAGLE E, et al. Energy balance clousure at FLUXNET site[J]. Agric For Meteorol, 2002 (113):223-243.

[7] SCHMID H P, GRIMMOND C S, CROPLEY F, et al. Measurements of CO₂ and energy fluxes over a mixed hardwood forest in the mid-western United States[J]. Agric For Meteorol, 2000 (103):357-374.

[8] 温学发, 于贵瑞, 孙晓敏, 等. 复杂地形条件下森林植被湍流通量测定分析[J]. 中国科学D辑, 地球科学, 2004, 34(增刊Ⅱ): 57-66.[WEN Xuefa, YU Guirui, SUN Xiaomin, et al. The analysis of the turbulence flux measurement in forest under complicated topography[J]. Science in China Ser.D Earth Sciences, 2004, 34(S2):57-66.]

[9] 朱咏莉, 吴金水, 胡晶亮, 等. 亚热带稻田能量平衡闭合状况分析[J]. 农业工程科学, 2007, 23(8):536-539.[ZHU Yongli, WU Jinshui, HU Jingliang, et al. Energy balance closure at rice paddy fields in subtropical region[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2007, 23(8):536-539.]

[10] 岳平, 张强, 牛生杰, 等. 半干旱草原下垫面能量平衡特征及土壤热通量对能量闭合率的影响[J]. 气象学报, 2012, 70(1): 136-143.[YUE Ping, ZHANG Qiang, NIU Shengjie, et al. Characters of surface energy balance over a semi-arid grassland and effects of soil heat flux on energy balance closure[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2012, 70(1):136-143.]

[11] 胡启武, 吴琴, 刘影, 等. 湿地碳循环研究综述[J]. 生态环境学报, 2009, 18(6):2381-2386.[HU Qinwu, WU Qin, LIU Ying, et al. A review of carbon cycle in wetlands[J]. Ecology And Environmental Sciences, 2009, 18(6):2381-2386.]

[12] 刘辉志, 董文杰, 符淙斌, 等. 半干旱地区吉林通榆"干旱化和有序人类活动"长期观测实验[J]. 气候与环境研究, 2004, 9 (2):378-389.[LIU Huizhi, DONG Wenjie, FU Congbin, et al. The Long-term field experiment on aridification and the ordered human activity in semi-arid area at Tongyu, northest China[J]. Climatic And Environmental Research, 2004, 9(2):378-389.]

[13] 朱咏莉. 亚热带稻田生态系统CO₂ 通量研究[D]. 北京:中国科学院研究生院, 2005.[ZHU Yongli.Carbon dioxide exchange between paddy ecosystem and the atmosphere in the subtropical region[D]. Beijing:Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2005.

[14] 马莉. 华北平原农田尺度和个体尺度上水、热及CO₂ 通量的研究[D]. 兰州:甘肃农业大学, 2011.[MA Li. Studies of water heat and CO₂ flux in field and individual scale in the North China Plain[D]. Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University, 2011.]

[15] 张雷明, 于贵瑞, 孙晓敏, 等. 中国东部森林样地典型生态系统碳收支的季节变化[J]. 中国科学D辑, 地球科学, 2006, 36(增刊I):45-59.[ZHANG Leiming, YU Guirui, SUN Xiaomin, et al. The seasonal change of typical ecosystem carbon balance in China eastern forest sample plots[J]. Science in China Ser.D Earth Sciences, 2006, 36(S1):45-59.]

[16] 袁庄鹏. 碳通量变化特征及影响因子研究[D]. 上海:上海师范大学, 2013.[YUAN Zhuangpeng. The research on carbon flux variation and impacts factors[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University, 2013.]

[17] 马虹, 陈亚宁, 李卫红. 荒漠河岸柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)灌丛的能量平衡特征[J]. 中国沙漠, 2014, 34(1):108-117.[MA Hong, CHEN Yaning, LI Weihong. Characteristics of energy balance of riparian Tamarix shrubs in desert[J]. Journal of Desert Reserch, 2014, 34(1):108-117.]

[18] 阳伏林, 周广胜. 内蒙古温带荒漠草原能量平衡特征及其驱动因子[J]. 生态学报, 2010, 30(21):5769-5780.[YANG Fulin, ZHOU Guangsheng. Characteristics and driving factors of energy budget over a temperate desert steppe in Inner Mongolia[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(21):5769-5780.]

[19] 郭阳, 左洪超, 陈继伟, 等. 均匀裸土地表土壤热通量计算方法对比及对能量闭合的影响[J]. 气候与环境研究, 2015, 20(2): 177-187.[GUO Yang, ZUO Hongchao, CHEN Jiwei, et al. Comparsion of soil heat flux calculation approaches and their impacts on surface energy balance closure over homogeneous bare soil surface[J].Climatic And Environmental Research, 2015, 20(2): 177-187.]

[20] 刘鹏飞, 刘树华, 胡非, 等. 湍流通量计算方法和误差的比较分析[J]. 气象学报, 2010, 68(4):487-500.[LIU Pengfei, LIU Shuhua, HU Fei, et al. A comparison of the different methods for estimating turbulent fluxes and their errors[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2010, 68(4):487-500.]

[21] EL MAAYAR M, CHEN J M, PRICE D T. On the use of field measurements of energy fluxes to evaluate land surface models[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2008, 214(2-4):293-304.

[22] 杨启东, 左洪超, 杨扬, 等. 近地层能量闭合度对陆面过程模式的影响[J]. 地球物理学报, 2012, 55(9):2876-2888.[YANG Qidong, ZUO Hongchao, YANG Yang, et al. On the effect of the near-surface layer energy closure degree on land surface process simulations[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2012, 55(9): 2876-2888.]

[23] 左金清, 王介民, 黄建平, 等. 半干旱草地地表土壤热通量的计算及其对能量平衡的影响[J]. 高原气象, 2010, 29(4):840- 848.[ZUO Jinqing, WANG Jiemin, HUANG Jianping, et al. Estimation of ground heat flux for a semi-arid grassland and its impact on the surface energy budget[J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2010, 29(4):840-848.]

[24] 张佩, 袁国富, 朱治林. 荒漠河岸林涡度相关通量测定中平均时间的确定及其对通量计算的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2013, 36 (3):400-408.[ZHANG Pei, YUAN Guofu, ZHU Zhilin. Determination of the averaging period of Eddy covariance measuremengt and its influence on the calculation of fluxes in desert riparian forest[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2013, 36(3):400-408.]