荒漠地区包气带氯离子与硝酸盐的空间分布特征

干旱区地理 ›› 2013, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (3): 409-415.

荒漠地区包气带氯离子与硝酸盐的空间分布特征

张金¹，付素静^1,2，王云权³，马金珠^3*

（1 兰州大学资源环境学院，甘肃兰州 730000； 2 河北省环境科学研究院环境规划所，河北石家庄 050000；3 兰州大学西部环境教育部重点实验室，西部环境与气候变化研究院，甘肃兰州 730000）

收稿日期:2012-08-10 修回日期:2012-10-30 出版日期:2013-05-25
通讯作者: 马金珠（1968-），男，甘肃静宁人，教授，主要从事干旱区水文水资源与环境研究. Email:jzma@lzu.edu.cn
作者简介:张金（1986-），男，四川宜宾人，硕士研究生，主要从事水文与地质研究. Email：Zhangjin1986@163.com
基金资助:
国家创新群体科学研究基金项目（40421101）；科技部“973”项目的课题（2009CB421306）

Spatial distribution of chloride and nitrate in the desert areas

ZHANG Jin¹，FU Su-jing^1,2，WANG Yun-quan³，MA Jin-zhu^3*

（1 Earth and Environmental Sciences，Lanzhou university，Lanzhou 730000，Gansu, China; 2 Hebei Research Academy of Environmental Sciences；Shijiazhuan 050000, Hebei, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Western China Environmental Systems（MoE），Lanzhou University，Lanzhou 730000，Gansu, China）

Received:2012-08-10 Revised:2012-10-30 Online:2013-05-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 荒漠地区包气带中的Cl^-、NO₃^-与生态环境有密切联系，与地下水安全有直接联系。主要以荒漠地区包气带Cl^-、NO₃^-为研究对象，通过对Cl^-、NO₃^-在包气带及不同土壤类型中的分布特征进行研究，表明强烈的蒸散发作用使Cl^-、NO₃^-呈活塞式分布，同时植物对水分的吸收以及对NO₃^-的优先吸收使NO₃^-表现出不同的分布特征。土壤中的NO₃^-可能被植物优先吸收并遵循营养循环，使表层土壤中出现极大值，随后逐渐减小。靠近表层土壤出现NO₃^-峰值和较高的NO₃^-/Cl^-原子比率反映了蓝藻菌活跃的固N作用；相对较大的NO₃^-/Cl^-原子比率伴随着较低的Cl^-说明在干旱地区稀疏的植被覆盖条件限制了对NO₃^-的吸收作用。不同的土壤类型中，Cl^-、NO₃^-表现出不同的分布特征，在粘性土壤中，NO₃^-、Cl^-浓度随含水率的减小而减小。

关键词: 荒漠地区, Cl^-, NO₃^-, NO₃^-/Cl^-, 沙漠包气带水分

Abstract: Chloride and nitrate，as a conservative and a semi-conservative ion，have been used to examine the recharge history, reconstruct the related climate change and vegetation transitions and so on in the cold-arid desert region of northwest China. In general，they always transport with rainfall in the soil，even though the nitrate always takes part in plenty of bio-chemical reactions. And soils are crucial to the functioning of the Earth system, since they are at the interface between the atmosphere，lithosphere，hydrosphere and biosphere，and influence terrestrial net primary production, climate regulation, and water quality. So revealing the spatial distribution of the dissolved chloride and nitrate is favor to prohibit the potential water contamination caused by nitrate leaching from upwards, and to understand the impacts on the desert ecosystem. The water content and nitrate and chloride concentrations with the NO3-/Cl- were measured in different profiles and different soil types in verticality. It was found that the distributions of Cl-、NO3- tend to be piston oscillations as a result of the severe evapotranspiration. The average concentrations of Cl- increase from 35 mg/L to 6 545 mg/L，with the maximum rising from 41 mg/L to 9 592 mg/L，correspondingly. Meanwhile，the average concentrations of NO3- range from 8 mg/L to 1 227 mg/L，and the average NO3-/Cl- molar ratios are between 0.03 and 1.75. The relatively higher NO3- concentration in Wuwei and Minqin areas，especially in the profiles WW1、WW3、MQ1, may demonstrate the effects of the anthropogenic inputs. And the declines of the NO3-/Cl- molar ratios from east to west may be due to the decrease of the rainfall from southeast to northwest in the area. Plant’s taking-up of moisture and nitrate preferentially makes the nitrate distribute differently in vadose zone. The presence of peaks in the nitrate profiles is probably proportional to the preferential taking-up of nitrate and due to be coincidence with the nutrient profile，which leads the concentration of nitrate to decline sharply with the soil depth. The near surface peaks in NO3- with higher NO3-/Cl- molar ratios reflect active modern N-fixation by cyanobacteria. The higher NO3-/Cl- molar ratios are consistent with the bulge shaped Cl-，which probably indicates that relatively less vegetation coverage in the drought environment plays a limiting role in the uptake of nitrate. The characteristics of chloride and nitrate tend to be distinct in different soil types .The piston distribution of chloride and nitrate in the sand soil，which has a great conductivity and inferior water binding capacity, attributes to the plant taking in the nitrate within its cycling in the soil along with intensive evapotranspiration，while the concentration of chloride and nitrate in the clay soil decreases with the moisture content.

Key words: desert areas； , chloride； , nitrate； , NO3-/ Cl- molar ratios； , soil moisture

中图分类号:

P641.3

张金，付素静，王云权，马金珠. 荒漠地区包气带氯离子与硝酸盐的空间分布特征[J]. 干旱区地理, 2013, 36(3): 409-415.

ZHANG Jin，FU Su-jing，WANG Yun-quan，MA Jin-zhu. Spatial distribution of chloride and nitrate in the desert areas[J]. , 2013, 36(3): 409-415.

参考文献

1.EDMUNDS W M，WALTON N R G. A geochemical and isotopic approach to recharge evaluation in semi-arid zones-past and pre?sent［C］// Arid Zone Hydrology：Investigations with Isotope Techniques，IAEA，Vienna，1980：47-68.

2.COOK P G，EDMUNDS W M，GAYE C B. Estimating paleorecharge and paleoclimate from unsaturated zone profiles［J］. Water Resources Research，1992，28：2721-2732.

3.CANTER L W. Nitrates in groundwater［R］. CRS Lewis（Boca Raton，FL），1997.

4.GALLOWAY J N，ABER J D，ERISMAN J W，et al. The nitrogen cascade［J］. Bioscience，2003，53（4）：341-356.

5.陈建耀，王亚，张洪波，等. 地下水硝酸盐污染研究综述［J］.地理科学进展，2006，25（1）：34-44.

6.LINN D M，DORAN J W. Effect of water-filled pore space on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide production in tilled and non tilled soils［J］. Soil Sci Soc Am J，1982，48：1267-1272.

7.JOBBAGY E G，JACKSON R B. The distribution of soil nutrient with depth：Global patterns and the imprint of plants［J］. Biogeochemistry，2001，53：51-77.

8.马金珠，李丁，李相虎，等. 巴丹吉林沙漠包气带Cl-示踪与气候记录研究［J］. 中国沙漠，2004，24 （6）：674-679.

9.MA Jinzhu，EDMUNDS W M，HE Jianhua，et al. A 2000 year geochemical record of palaeoclimate and hydrology derived from sand moisture［J］. Palaeogeography，Palaeoclimatology，Palaeoecology，2009，276：38-46.

10.COOK P G，EDMUNDS W M，GAYE C B. Estimating paleorecharge and paleoclimate from unsaturated zone profiles［J］. Water Resource Res，1992，28：2721-2731.

11.MENON M，PARRATT R T，KROPF C A，et al. Factors contributing to nitrate accumulation in mesic desert vadose zones in Spanish Springs Valley，Nevada（USA）［J］. Journal of Arid Environments，2010，74：1033-1040.

12.CIRPKA O A，SCHWEDE R L，LUO J. Concentration statistics for mixing-controlled reactive transport in random heterogeneous media［J］. Journal of Contamination Hydrology，2008，98（1-2）：61-74.

13.WALVOORD M A，PHILLIPS F M，STONESTROM D A，et al. A reservoir of nitrate beneath desert soils［J］. Science，2003，302：1021-1024.

14.JACKSON R B，BERTHRONG S T，COOK C W，et al. Comment on “A reservoir of nitrate beneath desert soils”［J］. Science，2004，304（5667）：51.

15.MA Jinzhu，EDMUNDS W M. Groundwater and lake evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert ecosystem，Inner Mongolia［J］. Hydrogeology Journal，2006，14：1231-1243.

16.GATES J B，BÖHLKE J K，EDMUNDS W M. Ecohydrological factors affecting nitrate concentrations in a phreatic desert aquifer in northwestern China［J］. Environment Science & Technology，2008，42（10）：3531-3537.

17.BARNES S J，PICARD C P，GIOVENAZZO D，et al. The composition of nickel-copper sulfide deposits and their host rocks from the Cape Smith fold belt，northern Quebec：Australian［J］. Journal of Earth Sciences，1992，39：335-347.

18.EDMUNDS W M，GAYE C B. Naturally high nitrate concentrations in groundwater from the Sahel［J］. Journal of Environmental Quality，1997，26：1231-1239.

19.DEANS J D，EDMUNDS W M，LINDLEY D K，et al. Nitrogen in interstitial waters in the Sahel：natural baseline，pollutant or resource［J］. Plant Soil，2005，271：47-62.

20.WANG X，BHATTACHARJEE A，HU S. Longitudinal and Transverse waves in Yukawa Crystals［J］. Phys Rev Lett，2001，86（12）：2569-2572.

21.WARREN-RHODES K A，RHODES K L，BOYLE L N，et al. Cyanobacterial ecology across environmental gradients and spatial scales in China's hot and cold deserts［J］. FEMS Microbiology Ecology，2007，61（3）：470-482.

[1]	张金，马金珠，陈春武，潘昆，包磊. 硝酸盐氮氧同位素在不同生态系统中的研究进展[J]. 干旱区地理, 2015, 38(2): 312-319.
[2]	冯缨,段士民,牟书勇,赵莉,赵兴华. 新疆荒漠地区C4植物的生态分布与区系分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2012, 35(01): 145-153.