伊犁河三角洲景观结构的影响机制研究

干旱区地理 ›› 2012, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (6): 897-908.

伊犁河三角洲景观结构的影响机制研究

罗格平¹，王渊刚^1,2，朱磊¹，陈耀亮^1,2

1 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所，新疆乌鲁木齐 830011； 2 中国科学院研究生院，北京 100049

收稿日期:2012-03-11 修回日期:2012-07-09 出版日期:2012-11-25
通讯作者: 罗格平（1968-），男，湖南湘潭人，研究员，主要从事干旱区土地变化、遥感与地理信息系统应用研究. Email: luogp@ms.xjb.ac.cn
作者简介:罗格平（1968-），男，湖南湘潭人，研究员，主要从事干旱区土地变化、遥感与地理信息系统应用研究.Email: luogp@ms.xjb.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家国际科技合作项目（批准号2010DFA92720－09）；国家重点基础研究发展计划资助项目（2009CB825105）

Influence mechanism of landscape structure in River Ili delta

LUO Ge-ping²，WANG Yuan-gang^1,2，FAN Bin-bin^1,2,CHEN Yao-liang^1,2

1 Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang，China; 2 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2012-03-11 Revised:2012-07-09 Online:2012-11-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在遥感和水文数据的支持下，根据伊犁河三角洲作为典型的中亚干旱区内陆河流域尾闾区域特点，确定了伊犁河三角洲的景观分类系统。通过采用景观结构梯度分析法、景观干扰度指数和景观Kappa指数等方法，系统地分析了近32 a（1975-2007）伊犁河三角洲景观结构的时空演变特征，并对景观结构的影响机制做了充分地探讨。结果表明：（1）沿着一定的地形梯度和水文梯度，伊犁河三角洲流域景观表现出特殊的纵向结构、横向结构的梯度特征和景观内部特征，与地表水直接关联的景观类型表现尤为明显，如湖泊、沼泽、漫滩。（2）在人为活动和自然环境的双重影响下，近32 a伊犁河三角洲景观结构的空间变化具有一定的周期性和不稳定性，主要体现为景观类型面积和空间位置的变化，其中以湿地景观类型的变化最为显著。（3）生态干扰对景观结构的影响因景观类型的不同存在显著的差异性和时空变异性，以湖泊和沼泽受干扰作用最为明显。高、中、低三种干扰强度区域的空间分布及面积变化同样具有一定的周期性和不稳定性。（4）水利工程建设和自然环境是影响伊犁河三角洲景观结构的主要驱动力。水利工程对伊犁河的拦蓄引起景观结构变化的作用最为深远，它通过改变三角洲上游的水文情势直接影响整个区域的景观结构。而自然环境因素中的地形和水文条件主要影响湿地景观类型的时空分布，气候因子则直接影响河川径流量。

关键词: 伊犁河三角洲, 景观结构, 干扰度指数, 影响机制

Abstract: Since the Ili River delta of Kazakhstan has experienced less human direct disturbances during 1975-2007, it is suitably regarded as a case to analyze landscape pattern changes and its driving mechanism for understanding the importance of spatial ecological dynamics and maintaining sustainable development in unique wetland ecosystems of arid Central Asia. In the study, two types of data were used: (1) hydrological data, fluvial runoff volume from Ili River (1953-2007) and water levels of Lake Balkhash in the last 54 years (1953-2006), and (2) land cover maps extracted from Landsat images in 1975, 1990, 2000, and 2007. Arid area in Central Asia, the classification system of landscape was established based on the landcover maps of River Ili delta. Using the methods of landscape structure gradient of analysis, landscape disturbance index and Kappa index, the change of landscape structure from 1975 to 2007 was analyzed and the driving mechanism of landscape structure was discussed. River Ili delta displays special characteristics of landscape in the horizontal structure, vertical structure and internal structure along the topographic gradient and hydrological gradient in the watershed, particularly the landscape types related to water, such as lake, swamp, and flood land. Under the influence of human activities and climatic change, the spatial change in the landscape structure show a certain periodicity and instability in the late 32 years. The spatial change in vertical structure of landscape is generally influenced by corridor width and length as well as the change in landscape types; the spatial change in horizontal structure is characterized by landscape fragmentation, which results in reduction in landscape connectivity. Effect of disturbance on landscape structure shows the distinct differences and temporalspatial variability with different landscape types, in which lake and marsh are most easy to be disturbed. The change in spatial distribution and area of high, medium and low disturbance intensity presents periodicity and instability. Natural factors generally influence the complexity of inner structure of landscape, and anthropogenic factors affect the connectivity in the vertical and horizontal structure of landscape and diversity of inner landscape structure. The dominant driving forces of landscape structure in River Ili delta include a huge reservoir construction in the upstream of river and natural conditions. The interception of reservoir to River Ili has a profound impact on landscape structure and directly changes hydrological condition and landscape structure in the delta. Due to inherent characteristics of the lakes and river, the water level changes in Lake Balkhash and the wetland landscape patterns in Ili River delta were inconsistent, the former generally lagged behind the latter. This also influences the wetland landscape structure, which will be a research topic in the future.

Key words: influence mechanism, River Ili delta, landscape structure, wetland, remotely sensed image, landscape index

中图分类号:

P901

罗格平，王渊刚，朱磊，陈耀亮. 伊犁河三角洲景观结构的影响机制研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2012, 35(6): 897-908.

LUO Ge-ping，WANG Yuan-gang，FAN Bin-bin,CHEN Yao-liang. Influence mechanism of landscape structure in River Ili delta[J]. , 2012, 35(6): 897-908.

参考文献

1.陈利顶，傅伯杰．黄河三角洲地区人类活动对景观结构的影响分析：以山东省东营市为例〔J〕．生态学报，1996，16(4)：337-344．

2.邬建国．景观生态学：格局、过程、尺度与等级〔M〕．北京：高等教育出版社，2000．

3.陈鹏，潘晓玲．干旱区内陆流域景观生态风险分析：以阜康三工河流域为例〔J〕．生态学杂志，2003，22(4)：116-120．

4.曾辉，孔宁宁，李书娟．卧龙自然保护区人为活动对景观结构的影响〔J〕．生态学报，2001，21(12)：1994-2001．

5.王大鹏，王周龙，李德一，等．额济纳三角洲近15年土地利用分形特征及变化〔J〕．干旱区地理，2007，30(5)：742-746．

6.李静，桑广书．西汉以来黑河流域绿洲演变〔J〕．干旱区地理，2010,33(3)：480-486．

7.叶青超．黄河断流对三角洲环境的恶性影响〔J〕．地理学报，1998，53(5)：385-392．

8.加帕尔·买合皮尔，A·A·图尔苏诺夫．亚洲中部湖泊水生态学概论〔M〕．乌鲁木齐：新疆科技卫生出版社，1996．

9.KEZER K，MATSUYAMA H．Decrease of river runoff in the Lake Balkhash basin in Central Asia〔J〕．Hydrological Processes，2006．20，1407-1409．

10.KIPSHAKBAEV N K，ABDRASILOV S A．Effect of economic activity on the hydrologic regime and dynamics of the Ili delta〔J〕．Hydrotechnical Construction，1994，28：416-418．

11.SIVANPILLAI R，LATCHININSKY A．Mapping locust habitats in river Ili delta Kazakhstan using Landsat imagery〔J〕．Agriculture，Ecosystems and Environment，2006，117：130．

12.ABDRASILOV S A，TULEBAEVA K A．Dynamics of the Ili delta with consideration of fluctuations of the level Lake Balkhash〔J〕．Hydrotechnical Construction，1994，28：421-426．

13.杨川德．巴尔喀什湖水位变化及其原因〔J〕．干旱区地理，1993，16(1)：36-42．

14.PROPASTIN，P A．Simple model for monitoring Balkhash Lake water levels and Ili River discharges：Application of remote sensing〔J〕．Lakes & Reservoirs：Research and Management，2008，13：77-81．

15.唐小平，黄桂林．中国湿地分类系统的研究〔J〕．林业科学研究，2003，16(5)：531-539．

16.MICHELSON D B，LILJEBERG B M，PILESJO P．Comparison of algorithms for classifying Swedish land cover using LANDSAT TM and ERS-1 SAR data〔J〕．Remote Sensing of Environment，2004，11：421-442．

17.LUEDELING E，BUERRKERT A．Typology of oases in northern Oman based on Landsat and SRTM imagery and geological survey data〔J〕．Remote Sensing of Environment，2008(112)：1181-1195．[JP]

18.谢花林．基于景观结构和空间统计学的区域生态风险分析〔J〕.生态学报，2008，28(10)：5020-5026．

19.ROMME W H．Fire and landscape diversity in subalpine forests of Yellowstone Park〔J〕．Ecology Monogram，52：199-221．

20.布仁仓，常禹，胡远满，等．基于Kappa系数的景观变化测度——以辽宁省中部城市群为例〔J〕．生态学报，2005，25(4)：778-784．

21.摆万奇，张永民，阎建忠，等．大渡河上游地区土地利用动态模拟分析〔J〕．地理研究，2005，24 (4)：206-213．

22.刘红玉，张世奎，吕宪国．三江平原湿地景观的时空变化〔J〕．地理学报，2004，59(3)：391-400．

23.刘红玉，李兆富．流域湿地景观空间梯度格局及其影响因素分析〔J〕．生态学报，2006，26(1)：213-220．

24.BROWN T C，DANIEL T C．Landscape aesthetics of riparian environments：relationship of flow quantity to scenic quality along a Wild and Scenic River〔J〕．Water Resources Research，1991，27：1787-1795．

25.李团胜，肖笃宁．沈阳市城市景观结构分析〔J〕．地理科学，2002，22(6)：717-723．

26.PETR T．Lake Balkhash，Kazakhstan〔J〕．Salt Lake Resources，1992:21-46．

27.郭利丹，夏自强，李捷，等．巴尔喀什湖流域气候变化特征分析〔J〕．河海大学学报(自然科学版)，2008， 36(3)：316-321．

28.Tacis Central Asia Action Programme 2006, Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Kazakhstan. Development and improvement of policy instruments for environmental protection, Republic of Kazakhstan, EuropeAid/127636/C/SER/KZ, Result 3-1: Ili-Balkhash LEAP〔R〕.2010:1-56

29.Tacis Central Asia Action Programme 2006, Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Kazakhstan. Development and improvement of policy instruments for environmental protection, Republic of Kazakhstan, EuropeAid/127636/C/SER/KZ, Ili-Balkhash LEAP: Task 3 report – hydrology〔R〕. 2010:1-34.