水氮耦合对河西灌区滴灌西瓜NH3和N2O排放的影响

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水氮耦合对河西灌区滴灌西瓜NH₃和N₂O排放的影响

Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on NH₃ and N₂O emissions from drip-irrigated watermelon in the Hexi irrigation area

水氮耦合对河西灌区滴灌西瓜NH₃和N₂O排放的影响

Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on NH₃ and N₂O emissions from drip-irrigated watermelon in the Hexi irrigation area

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doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.377

干旱区地理 ›› 2025, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (5): 801-811.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.377 cstr: 32274.14.ALG2024377

薛亮¹^,²(), 马忠明¹^,²(), 赵安宇³, 罗双龙¹^,², 薛莲⁴, Muhammad Ali RAZA¹

1.甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所，甘肃兰州 730070
2.国家农业环境张掖观测实验站，甘肃兰州 730070
3.甘肃省农业科学院张掖节水农业试验站，甘肃张掖 734000
4.甘肃省兰州市农业科技研究推广中心，甘肃兰州 730010

收稿日期:2024-06-17 修回日期:2024-08-21 出版日期:2025-05-25 发布日期:2025-05-13
通讯作者: 马忠明（1963-），男，博士，研究员，主要从事节水农业研究. E-mail: mazhming@163.com
作者简介:薛亮（1982-），男，硕士，副研究员，主要从事节水农业研究. E-mail: xuel_3521@163.com
基金资助:
国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-25);甘肃省现代农业科技支撑体系区域创新中心重点科技项目(2020GAAS02)

XUE Liang¹^,²(), MA Zhongming¹^,²(), ZHAO Anyu³, LUO Shuanglong¹^,², XUE Lian⁴, Muhammad Ali RAZA¹

1. Institute of Soil, Fertilizer and Water-Saving Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
2. National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Enviroment, Zhangye, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
3. Zhangye Water-Saving Agricultural Experimental Station, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangye 734000, Gansu, China
4. Lanzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Research and Promotion Center, Lanzhou 730010, Gansu, China

Received:2024-06-17 Revised:2024-08-21 Published:2025-05-25 Online:2025-05-13

摘要： NH₃和N₂O排放是氮素气态损失的主要途径，研究膜下滴灌条件下不同水氮供应量对氮素气态损失的影响对于河西灌区西瓜生产中水氮管理方案的制定具有重要意义。试验采用裂区设计，主处理按田间持水量的80%（I80）、65%（I65）和50%（I50）设3个灌水下限，灌水上限设为田间持水量的95%，副处理设0（N0）、100 kg·hm^-2（N100）、200 kg·hm^-2（N200）和300 kg·hm^-2（N300）4个施氮水平。试验采用通气法和静态箱-气相色谱法，分析了不同处理下土壤NH₃和N₂O排放动态变化以及西瓜产量和品质。结果表明：（1）土壤氮素气态排放受水氮共同影响，NH₃、N₂O排放在施用基肥后1~2 d达到高峰，持续5~7 d，累积排放量在苗期最大，分别占全生育期的33.33%和47.22%；全生育期NH₃、N₂O累积排放量分别为3.05~15.39 kg∙hm^-2和0.51~2.00 kg·hm^-2。（2）提高水氮供应量均会促使NH₃、N₂O排放，氮素的作用大于灌水，I80条件下增施氮肥，NH₃、N₂O累积排放量分别增加了63.86%~285.48%和120.41%~308.82%。（3）处理I65N200的氮素利用率达到32.62%，显著高于处理I80N300，产量和可溶性固形物含量分别为70159 kg∙hm^-2和11.39%，与处理I80N300差异不显著。综合考虑产量、品质和氮素利用率，在河西灌区西瓜膜下滴灌种植中，将土壤含水量控制在田间最大持水量的65%~95%之间，施氮量优化至200 kg·hm^-2时，能够保持较高的产量和品质，并有利于控制NH₃和N₂O排放。

关键词: 西瓜, 滴灌, 水氮耦合, NH₃排放, N₂O排放

Abstract:

NH₃ and N₂O emissions constitute the primary pathways of gaseous loss of nitrogen. Investigating the effects of differential water and nitrogen application rates under plastic-mulched drip irrigation on gaseous nitrogen losses is crucial for developing scientifically informed water-fertilizer management strategies in watermelon production systems within the Hexi irrigation area in Gansu Province of China. Therefore, in this two-year field study, the experiment adopted a split-plot design, with main plots comprising three irrigation thresholds set at 80% (I80), 65% (I65), and 50% (I50) of field capacity, while maintaining a uniform upper irrigation limit at 95% of field capacity. Subplot treatments consisted of four nitrogen application rates: 0 kg·hm^-2 (N0), 100 kg·hm^-2 (N100), 200 kg·hm^-2 (N200), and 300 kg·hm^-2 (N300), on watermelon production under drip irrigation with a plastic mulch system. The experiment used aeration and static chamber-gas chromatography methods, the study analyzed soil NH₃ and N₂O emission dynamics, watermelon yield, and quality across treatments. The results showed that: (1) Soil nitrogen gas emissions are jointly affected by water and nitrogen. NH₃ and N₂O emissions reached their peaks 1-2 days after the application of base fertilizer and lasted for 5-7 days. The cumulative emissions were the highest in the seedling stage, accounting for 33.33% and 47.22% of the total growth period, respectively. The cumulative emissions of NH₃ and N₂O throughout the growth period were 3.05-15.39 kg·hm^-2 and 0.51-2.00 kg·hm^-2, respectively. (2) Increasing water and nitrogen supply rates will promote NH₃ and N₂O emissions. The effect of nitrogen is greater than that of irrigation. Under I80 conditions, the cumulative emissions of NH₃ and N₂O increased by 63.86%-285.48% and 120.41%-308.82%, respectively, when more nitrogen fertilizer was applied. (3) The nitrogen utilization rate of treatment I65N200 reached 32.62%, which was significantly higher than that of treatment I80N300. The yield and soluble solids content were 70159 kg·hm^-2 and 11.39%, respectively, which were not significantly different from treatment I80N300. Considering yield, quality, and nitrogen utilization rate comprehensively, when the soil moisture content is controlled between 65% and 95% of the maximum field capacity in watermelon subsurface drip irrigation and the nitrogen application level is optimized to 200 kg·hm^-2, high yield and quality can be maintained in watermelon systems within the Hexi irrigation area. This plastic-mulched drip irrigation strategy ensures yield-quality preservation while effectively mitigating NH₃ and N₂O emissions.

Key words: watermelon, drip irrigation, water-nitrogen coupling, NH₃ emission, N₂O emission

薛亮, 马忠明, 赵安宇, 罗双龙, 薛莲, Muhammad Ali RAZA. 水氮耦合对河西灌区滴灌西瓜NH₃和N₂O排放的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2025, 48(5): 801-811.

XUE Liang, MA Zhongming, ZHAO Anyu, LUO Shuanglong, XUE Lian, Muhammad Ali RAZA. Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on NH₃ and N₂O emissions from drip-irrigated watermelon in the Hexi irrigation area[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(5): 801-811.

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土层/cm	pH	容重/g·cm^-3	有机质/g·kg^-1	全氮/g·kg^-1	硝态氮/mg·kg^-1	速效磷/mg·kg^-1	速效钾/mg·kg^-1
0~20	8.41	1.44	4.32	0.74	9.09	38.25	114.77
20~40	8.18	1.49	6.58	0.60	7.73	29.08	123.91
40~60	8.29	1.48	5.36	0.54	8.26	35.94	104.38
60~80	8.11	1.51	5.88	0.55	10.89	32.70	116.50
80~100	8.25	1.45	5.95	0.49	9.86	34.28	127.85

灌水下限	施氮量/kg∙hm^-2	灌溉次数/次	总灌水量/m³∙hm^-2	单次平均灌水量/m³∙hm^-2
田间持水量的50%（I50）	0（N0）	8	1081	135.15
	100（N100）	8	1081	135.15
	200（N200）	8	1081	135.15
	300（N300）	8	1081	135.15
田间持水量的65%（I65）	0（N0）	12	1345	112.80
	100（N100）	12	1345	112.80
	200（N200）	12	1345	112.80
	300（N300）	2	1345	112.80
田间持水量的80%（I80）	0（N0）	20	1746	87.30
	100（N100）	20	1746	87.30
	200（N200）	20	1746	87.30
	300（N300）	20	1746	87.30

处理		苗期		伸蔓期		结果期		膨大期		全生育期
处理		累积排放量/kg∙hm^-2	损失率/%	累积排放量/kg∙hm^-2	损失率/%	累积排放量/kg∙hm^-2	损失率/%	累积排放量/kg∙hm^-2	损失率/%	累积排放量/kg∙hm^-2	损失率/%
I50	N0	1.26±0.05c	-	0.73±0.07c	-	1.03±0.07bc	-	0.03±0.01c	-	3.05±0.09d	-
	N100	1.96±0.09b	1.39±0.15b	1.00±0.12b	0.54±0.10b	1.52±0.09b	0.66±0.05ab	0.14±0.03b	0.11±0.03a	4.62±0.24c	1.56±0.16c
	N200	3.08±0.10a	1.82±0.05a	1.29±0.10b	0.56±0.03b	1.77±0.13b	0.49±0.09b	0.17±0.03ab	0.07±0.01ab	6.31±0.16b	1.63±0.06ab
	N300	3.77±0.28a	1.67±0.22ab	1.95±0.10a	0.81±0.11a	2.66±0.24a	0.72±0.12a	0.21±0.06a	0.06±0.02b	8.59±0.47a	1.85±0.16a
I65	N0	1.16±0.10d	-	1.00±0.12c	-	0.96±0.10c	-	0.04±0.01c	-	3.15±0.14d	-
	N100	2.69±0.12c	3.07±0.04a	1.36c±0.08	0.72±0.19c	1.97±0.20b	1.34±0.15a	0.17±0.02b	0.13±0.01a	6.18±0.26c	3.03±0.20a
	N200	3.51±0.17b	2.35±0.13c	2.11±0.06b	1.11±0.17b	2.40±0.14b	0.96±0.12b	0.34±0.08ab	0.15±0.04a	8.36±0.25b	2.60±0.07b
	N300	5.11±0.23a	2.64±0.12b	3.99±0.18a	1.99±0.18a	3.43±0.19a	1.10±0.04b	0.44±0.06a	0.13±0.01a	12.96±0.58a	3.27±0.15a
I80	N0	1.71±0.12d	-	1.26±0.07c	-	0.92±0.08c	-	0.10±0.04c	-	3.99±0.16d	-
	N100	2.94±0.15c	2.46±0.33c	1.89±0.09c	1.25±0.31b	1.44±0.13b	0.69±0.15b	0.28±0.04b	0.18±0.07a	6.54±0.38c	2.55±0.37b
	N200	4.95±0.37b	3.25±0.33a	3.51±0.17b	2.24±0.22a	1.70±0.14b	0.52±0.09b	0.42±0.05ab	0.16±0.04a	10.59±0.65b	3.30±0.31a
	N300	6.10±0.31a	2.93±0.13ab	5.01±0.19a	2.50±0.17a	3.72±0.19a	1.24±0.07a	0.56±0.09a	0.15±0.02a	15.39±0.68a	3.80±0.18a

处理		苗期/kg·hm^-2	伸蔓期/kg·hm^-2	结果期/kg·hm^-2	膨大期/kg·hm^-2	全生育期/kg·hm^-2
I50	N0	0.18±0.03c	0.11±0.02b	0.09±0.02c	0.14±0.03b	0.51±0.08c
	N100	0.29±0.04c	0.18±0.03b	0.17±0.03bc	0.20±0.03b	0.83±0.02bc
	N200	0.69±0.08b	0.16±0.01b	0.20±0.02b	0.21±0.03b	1.26±0.06b
	N300	0.91±0.10a	0.29±0.04a	0.33±0.04a	0.30±0.06a	1.82±0.11a
I65	N0	0.16±0.03d	0.14±0.02b	0.15±0.02c	0.14±0.01c	0.59±0.05d
	N100	0.45±0.06c	0.13±0.02b	0.17±0.04bc	0.24±0.05b	0.99±0.10c
	N200	0.75±0.12b	0.25±0.02a	0.27±0.04ab	0.24±0.03b	1.51±0.03b
	N300	1.02±0.09a	0.27±0.06a	0.31±0.07a	0.38±0.05a	1.97±0.26a
I80	N0	0.14±0.02d	0.13±0.02b	0.13±0.02b	0.10±0.03d	0.49±0.08d
	N100	0.49±0.06c	0.23±0.04a	0.19±0.03b	0.18±0.03c	1.08±0.13c
	N200	0.84±0.06b	0.22±0.04a	0.26±0.07a	0.28±0.04b	1.59±0.18b
	N300	1.02±0.14a	0.25±0.08a	0.31±0.06a	0.42±0.04a	2.00±0.19a
F值	灌水下限（I）	6.47	17.90^*	1.51	6.90	3.43
	施氮量（N）	110.94^**	20.73^**	23.53^**	82.67^**	77.05^**
	I×N	1.47	1.93	0.36	4.19^*	0.59

处理		商品瓜产量/kg∙hm^-2	可溶性固形物/%	氮素吸收/kg∙hm^-2	氮肥利用率/%
I50	N0	53749±554b	10.19±0.62c	60.50±4.58c	-
	N100	53656±1399b	10.68±0.67b	88.88±8.01b	28.39±4.90a
	N200	58447±576ab	11.00±0.57a	102.95±4.40ab	21.23±2.43b
	N300	61882±2789a	11.08±0.12a	113.37±4.97a	17.62±0.69b
I65	N0	59704±2198c	10.44±0.80c	62.44±4.48c	-
	N100	64561±1085b	11.20±0.82b	103.15±5.67b	40.71±1.50a
	N200	70159±2740a	11.39±0.62a	127.69±7.29a	32.62±1.43b
	N300	68640±1972ab	11.43±0.67a	128.30±9.50a	21.95±1.98c
I80	N0	63382±1523c	10.17±0.40b	78.54±5.11c	-
	N100	65256±1788b	11.30±0.56ab	123.65±4.22b	45.12±3.81a
	N200	71448±1500a	11.47±0.54a	130.19±7.63ab	25.83±1.87b
	N300	67198±2483ab	11.47±0.42a	135.34±4.77a	18.93±1.88c
F值	灌水下限（I）	10.14^**	4.66^*	41.25^**	443.24^*
	施氮量（N）	7.86^**	9.64^**	135.64^**	1580.64^**
	I×N	3.75^*	1.43	7.13^*	58.78^*

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