Observations and study of the CO<sub>2</sub> flux in the debris of the Koxkar glacier,Tianshan Mts.,China

WANG Jian, DING Yong-jian, XU Min, XU Jun-li

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2018.06.03

Arid Land Geography >

2018 , Vol. 41 >Issue 6: 1160 - 1168

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2018.06.03

Observations and study of the CO₂ flux in the debris of the Koxkar glacier,Tianshan Mts.,China

Expand

1 School of Urban and Planning, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, Jiangsu, China;
2 Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China

Received date: 2018-08-15

Revised date: 2018-10-24

Fold

Abstract

The hydrolysis of Na,K,Ca feldspar and carbonate in surface runoff consumed a mass of H⁺,which would cause atmospheric CO₂ to sink. In the glacier area,the CO₂ flux at the gas-liquid interface was usually analyzed using the method of hydrochemical mass balance.In recent years,the eddy covariance systems have been used to analyze energy balance,CO₂ flux and moisture flux in the areas of complex terrain.In this study,the CO₂ flux was monitored by eddy covariance system in the Koxkar glacier of the Western Tianshan,Xinjiang,China from 2015 to 2017,and the results showed that the CO₂ fluxes were ranged from -17.99 to 3.59 g·m^-2·d^-1 with an average of -2.58 g·m^-2·d^-1.The CO₂ flux values were negative in the January (-0.21 g·m^-2·d^-1).It indicated that atmospheric CO₂ sank on the glacier area because of the dissolved CO₂ in the water when the interaction between the water and the rock occurred during precipitation/snow and ice melting.Further analysis suggested that the net glacier exchange (NGE) of CO₂ was decreased as the daily temperature increased.There was a significant negative correlation between NGE and daily temperature.For precipitation,almost no effect on the NGE was found when the precipitation was less than 8.8 mm.However,the daily NGE was decreased exponentially with the increase of precipitation when the precipitation was greater than 8.8 mm.The effect of precipitation on CO₂ absorption was mainly reflected in the following two aspects.One was the CO₂ sink at the gas-liquid interface slow down resulting from the weakening of the water chemical erosion caused by the reduction of the ice melting,which caused by continuous heavy rain reducing the temperature.The other was the CO₂ sink at the gas-liquid interface was decreased due to the increasing dissolving CO₂ in the atmosphere because of increasing of the precipitation.Finally,there were significant linear relationships between the NGE and the runoff.However,the slopes of linear relationships between the NGE and the runoff varied during different periods,which were due to changes in the type of hydrochemical reaction caused by changes of effective ablation area,and changes in hydrochemical reaction time effected by the hydrological channels below the ice.

Key words： CO₂ flux; eddy covariance; runoff; Koxkar glacier

Cite this article

WANG Jian, DING Yong-jian, XU Min, XU Jun-li . Observations and study of the CO₂ flux in the debris of the Koxkar glacier,Tianshan Mts.,China[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2018 , 41(6) : 1160 -1168 . DOI: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2018.06.03

References

[1] KRAWCZYK W E,BARTOSZEWSKI S A.Crustal solute fluxes and transient carbon dioxide drawdown in the Scottbreen Basin,Svalbard in 2002[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,362:206-219.
[2] YAO Jimin,ZHAO Lin,DING Yongjian,et al.The surface energy budget and evapotranspiration in the Tanggula region on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2008,52(3):326-340.
[3] GU Song,TANG Yanhong,CUI Xiaoyong,et al.Energy exchange between the atmosphere and a meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,129:175-185.
[4] FORTUNIAK K,PAWLAK W,BEDNORZ L,et al.Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes of a temperate mire in Central Europe[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2017,232:306-318.
[5] 李小梅,张秋良.环境因子对兴安落叶松林生态系统CO₂通量的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2015,37(8):31-39.[LI Xiaomei,ZHANG Qiuliang.Impact of climate factors on CO₂ flux characteristics in a Larix gmelinii forest ecosystem[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2015,37(8):31-39.
[6] MUSARIKA S,ATHERTON C E,GOMERSALL T,et al.Effect of water table management and elevated CO₂ on radish productivity and on CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes from peatlands converted to agriculture[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,584-585:665-672.
[7] BERRYMAN E M,FRANK J M,MASSMAN W J,et al.Using a Bayesian framework to account for advection in seven years of snowpack CO₂ fluxes in a mortality-impacted subalpine forest[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2018,249:420-433.
[8] 沈永平,刘时银,丁永建,等.天山南坡台兰河流域冰川物质平衡变化及其对径流的影响[J].冰川冻土,2003,25(2),124-129.[SHEN Yongping,LIU Shiyin,DING Yongjian,et al.Glacier mass balance change in Tailanhe River Watersheds on the south slope of the Tianshan Mountains and its impact on water resources[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2003,25(2),124-129.]
[9] BONNEAU L,TOUCANNE S,BAYON G,et al.Glacial erosion dynamics in a small mountainous watershed (Southern French Alps):A source-to-sink approach[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2017,458:366-379.
[10] SCHOCH A,BLOTHE J H,HOFFMANN T,et al.Multivariate geostatistical modeling of the spatial sediment distribution in a large scale drainage basin,Upper Rhone,Switzerland[J].Geomorphology,2018,303:375-392.
[11] NICOLINI G,AUBINET M,FEIGENWINTER C,et al.Impact of CO₂ storage flux sampling uncertainty on net ecosystem exchange measured by eddy covariance[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2018,248:228-239.
[12] WOHLFAHRT G,GALVAGNO M.Revisiting the choice of the driving temperature for eddy covariance CO₂ flux partitioning[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2017,237-238:135-142.
[13] WHARTON S,MA S,BALDOCCHI D D,et al.Influence of regional nighttime atmospheric regimes on canopy turbulence and gradients at a closed and open forest in mountain-valley terrain[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2017,237-238:18-29.
[14] 王春林,周国逸,王旭,等.复杂地形条件下涡度相关法通量测定修正方法分析[J].中国农业气象,2007,28(3):233-240.[WANG Chunlin,ZHOU Guoyi,WANG Xu,et al.Analysis of correction method on eddy flux measurement over complex terrain[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorolog,2007,28(3):233-240.]
[15] SASAKIM,KIM Y W,UCHIDA M,et al.Diffusive summer methane flux from lakes to the atmosphere in the Alaskan arctic zone[J].Polar Science,2016,10(3):303-311.
[16] HILLER R,MATTHIAS J,EUGSTER W.Eddy-covariance flux measurements in the complex terrain of an Alpine Valley in Switzerland[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorol,2008,127:449-467.
[17] 张勇,刘时银,丁永建,等.天山南坡科契卡尔巴西冰川物质平衡初步研究[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(4):477-483.[ZHANG Yong,LIU Shiyin,DING Yongjian,et al.Preliminary study of mass balance on the Keqicarbaxi glacier on the south slopes of Tianshan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(4):477-483.]
[18] 韩海东,刘时银,丁永建,等.科其喀尔巴西冰川的近地层基本气象特征[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(6):967-975.[HAN Haidong,LIU Shiyin,DING Yongjian,et al.Near-surface meteorological characteristics on the Koxkarbaxi glacier,Tianshan[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(6):967-975.]
[19] 王建,许君利,张世强,等.天山南坡科其喀尔冰川流域水化学侵蚀及大气CO₂沉降量分析[J].环境科学,2010,31(4):903-910.[WANG Jian,XU Junli,ZHANG Shiqiang,et al.Chemical denudation rates and carbon dioxide sink in Koxkar glacierised region at the south slope of Mt.Tianshan,China[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(4):903-910.]
[20] 中国科学院登山科学考察队.天山托木尔峰地区的地质与古生物[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,1985:1-40.[Scientific Expedition Team on Mountaineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Geology and paleontology in Tumur peak region,Tianshan Mountains[M].Urumqi:Xinjiang People's Publishing House,1985:1-40.]
[21] 马小红,苏永红,鱼腾飞,等.荒漠河岸胡杨林生态系统涡度相关通量数据处理与质量控制方法研究[J].干旱区地理,2015,38(3):626-635.[MA Xiaohong,SU Yonghong,YU Tengfei,et al.Data processing and quality control of eddy covariance in desert riparian forest[J].Arid Land Geography,2015,38(3):626-635.]
[22] ZHU Zhilin,SUN Xiaomin,WEN Xuefa,et al.Study on the processing method of nighttime CO₂ eddy covariance flux data in China FLUX[J].Science in China(Ser.D,Earth Science),2006,49(SuppⅡ):36-46.
[23] ANITA C,DOUGLAS A.Diurnal and seasonal patterns in ecosystem CO₂ fluxes and their controls in a temperate grassland[J].Rangeland Ecol Manage,2010,63:62-71.
[24] 中国科学院登山考察队.托木尔峰地区的天气气候特征[M]//天山托木尔峰地区的冰川与气象.乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,1985:143-224.[Mountaineering and expedition team of Chinese Academy of Sciences.The characters of the weather and the climate on the region of Mt.Tuomuer[M]//Glacial and weather in Mt.Tuomuer district,Tianshan.Urumqi:Xinjiang People's Publishing House,1985:143-224.]
[25] HAN Haidong,WANG Jian,WEI Junfeng,et al.Backwasting rate on debris-covered Koxkar glacier,Tuomuer Mountain,China[J].Journal of Glaciology,2010,56(196):287-296.
[26] 李晶,刘时银,韩海东,等.天山托木尔峰南坡科其喀尔冰川流域径流模拟[J].气候变化研究进展,2012,8(5):350-356.[LI Jing,LIU Shiyin,HAN Haidong,et al.Evaluation of runoff from Koxkar glacier basin,Tianshan Mountains,China[J].Progressus Inquisitions de Mutatione Climatis,2012,8(5):350-356.]
[27] 赵亮,徐世晓,伏玉玲,等.积雪对藏北高寒草甸CO₂和水汽通量的影响[J].草地学报,2005,13(3):242-247.[ZHAO Liang,XU Shixiao,FU Yuling,et al.Effects of snow cover on CO₂ flux of northern alpine meadow on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2005,13(3):242-247.]
[28] RAINS F,STOY P C,WELCH C M,et al.A comparison of methods reveals that enhanced diffusion helps explain cold-season soil CO₂ efflux in a lodgepole pine ecosystem[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2016,121:16-24.
[29] TORTELL P D,LONG M C,PAYNE C D,et al.Spatial distribution of pCO₂,ΔO₂/Ar and dimethylsulfide (DMS) in polynya waters and the sea ice zone of the Amundsen Sea,Antarctica[J].Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,2012,71-76:77-93.
[30] ROSANE G,TAVANO V M,MENDES C R,et al.Sea-air CO₂ fluxes and pCO₂ variability in the northern Antarctic Peninsula during three summer periods (2008-2010)[J].Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,2017,31(1):1-12.
[31] FLEISCHER E,KHASHIMOV I,HOLZEL N,et al.Carbon exchange fluxes over peatlands in western Siberia:Possible feedback between land-use change and climate change[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,545-546:424-433.
[32] 张弥,温学发,于贵瑞,等.二氧化碳储存通量对森林生态系统碳收支的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(5):1201-1209.[ZHANG Mi,WEN Xuefa,YU Guirui,et al.Effects of CO₂ storage flux on carbon budget of forest ecosystem[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(5):1201-1209.]
[33] POLL C,MARHAN S,BACK F,et al.Field-scale manipulation of soil temperature and precipitation change soil CO₂ flux in a temperate agricultural ecosystem[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2013,165:88-97.
[34] 王玉玉,姚济敏,韩海东,等.科其喀尔冰川表碛区空气动力学粗糙度分析[J].高原气象,2014,33(3):762-768.[WANG Yuyu,YAO Jinmin,HAN Haidong,et al.Analysis of aerodynamic roughness of the debris-covered Keqicar glacier[J].Plateau Meteorology,2014,33(3):762-768.]
[35] ARRIGA N,RANNIK U,AUBINET M,et al.Experimental validation of footprint models for eddy covariance CO₂ flux measurements above grassland by means of natural and artificial tracers[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2017,242:75-84.
[36] AUBINET M,BERBIGIER P,BERNHOFER C,et al.Comparing CO₂ storage and advection conditions at night at different Carbon Euro flux sites[J].Boundary Layer Meteorology,2005,116:63-94.
[37] KOCIUBA W.Determination of the bedload transport rate in a small proglacial high arctic stream using direct,semi-continuous measurement[J].Geomorphology,2017,287:101-115.

Options

Outlines

模态框（Modal）标题

Abstract

Cite this article

References