This study constructed an urban resilience evaluation index system that included four dimensions: economy, society, ecological environment, and infrastructure. Based on the entropy method, the resilience comprehensive evaluation index of 11 cities in the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration, northwest China from 2011 to 2020 was measured, and the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of their resilience were analyzed, and moreover, the social network analysis method was used to analyze the structural and functional connections between cities in the resilience network of the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration. Furthermore, the quadratic assignment procedure was used to explore the comprehensive factors that affected the resilience network structure of the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration. The results indicated the following. (1) The overall resilience of each city in the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration was on the rise, and the resilience level showed a decreasing trend from provincial capital to the periphery. (2) The resilience network structure of urban agglomerations had become more complex and robust; however, the resilience connections between regions exhibited strong hierarchical characteristics and cities had not yet fully achieved interconnectivity. (3) Xi’an, Xianyang, and Tongchuan had strong centrality and could generate significant resource spillovers to surrounding or peripheral cities. The “core-edge” structure of urban agglomerations was obvious. (4) The level of economic development, openness, government financial support, scientific and technological development, differences in transport infrastructure, and geographical proximity all significantly affected changes in the resilient spatial network structure of the urban agglomeration. Therefore, to enhance the resilience of the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration and the connection between cities, one must first build an intercity digital management and exchange platform and promote the diffusion of resource elements from high- to low-agglomeration areas. Second, the construction of transportation networks must be strengthened, investment in scientific and technological innovation must be increased, and foreign trade and economic cooperation must be strengthened in the construction of “the Belt and Road”. This study reveals the position and role of each city in the resilience development process in the spatial association network of the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration, analyzes the spatial spillover effect of resilience development in the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration, and provides a new perspective on the study of urban resilience development from a geographically spatial perspective.