基于生态足迹的中国四大沙地地区可持续评价

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2018.06.19

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 基于社会经济统计数据，采用生产性生态足迹模型，评估并对比了我国四大沙地地区2000年和2015年的生产性生态足迹和生态赤字/盈余状态，以揭示区域的可持续性。结果表明：2000-2015年，四大沙地地区人均生态足迹总体呈现增加趋势，毛乌素沙地地区人均生态足迹年均增长率最高，达20.85%，增长量为79.21 hm²·人^-1；人均生态足迹主要以化石能源足迹和草地足迹为主；2000-2015年四大沙地地区生态赤字程度在不断增强，毛乌素沙地地区人均生态赤字变化量最大，达79.51 hm²·人^-1，造成赤字程度加大的主要原因是地区化石能源的大量生产。随着人们生活水平的提高，人们对资源的需求量也在不断增加，当前四大沙地地区社会经济的发展在一定程度上仍以自然资源大量生产和消耗为代价，经济发展和环境保护之间的平衡仍存在挑战，需要根据各地区的具体情况制定有针对性的管理措施，以维持区域的可持续发展。

关键词: 四大沙地, 生态足迹, 生态赤字, 可持续评价

Abstract: The four mega-sandy lands are typical regions with desertification in China due to the instability and vulnerability of natural conditions.With the development of the ecological restoration projects,the area of desertification land in four sandy lands of China has been decreased since 2000.However,regional sustainable development still faces challenges due to the increasing pressure of socio-economic development and the limited carrying capacity of resources in the sandy lands.Therefore,evaluation and comparing the level of sustainability in four sandy lands is significant for targeted management and regional sustainable development.Based on the ecological footprint model developed by Wackernagel,this paper adopts an improved productive ecological footprint model to compare the actual area of land actually occupied by each region from the ecosystem each year (ecological footprint) and the land that provides biological and productive materials in the same area (ecosystem capacity),and then determines the pressure of human activities on the local ecosystem in the four sandy lands in order to analyze the sustainability of the four sandy lands.This study calculated productive ecological footprint and analyzed the sustainability of four sandy lands of China from 2000 to 2015.The results showed that per capita ecological footprint (PCEF) had a significant increasing trend among the four sandy lands.The annual increasing rate of PCEF in Mu Us Sandy Land was 20.85%,higher than other three sandy lands.The increasing amount of PCEF in Mu Us Sandy Land was highest (79.21 hm²·cap^-1).The PCEF of four main sandy lands was mainly dominated by fossil energy footprint and grassland footprint.The per capita ecological deficit (PCED),which is the difference of PCEF and per capita ecological capacity,was also growing from 2000 to 2015 with Mu Us Sandy Land having the highest value.The main reason for the increasing PCED was the mass production of fossil energy footprint.According to the correlation analysis of PCEF and other sustainability indices such as Human Development Index and the Engel's coefficient,people's demand for resources has been increased with the improvement of people's living standard,and the development of society and economy,which was still at the expense of the natural resources production and consumption.The balance between economic development and environmental protection in sandy zones remains a challenge.It is suggested that the mineral resource exploitation mode should be adjusted,and protection and utilization of grassland resources should be conducted according to the main structural types of the ecological deficits in different sandy lands.

Key words: four sandy lands, ecological footprint, ecological deficit, sustainability assessment

中图分类号:

X171.1

于娜, 赵媛媛, 丁国栋, 崔晓, 彭玏. 基于生态足迹的中国四大沙地地区可持续评价[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(6): 1310-1320.

YU Na, ZHAO Yuan-yuan, DING Guo-dong, CUI Xiao, PENG Le. Sustainability assessment in four sandy lands of China based on the ecological footprint model[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(6): 1310-1320.

参考文献

[1] ZHOU Daojing,ZHAO Xia,HU Huifeng,et al.Long-term vegetation changes in the four mega-sandy lands in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Landscape Ecology,2015,30(9):1613-1626.
[2] 曾德慧,姜凤岐,整治"三滥"是从源头遏制生态脆弱地区土地荒漠化的必由之路-以科尔沁沙地为例[J].生态学杂志,2006,(12):1540-1543.[ZENG Dehui,JIANG Fengqi.Deterring"three excesses"(over-cultivation,overgrazing and deforestation)is the only way from the source to control the desertification in ecologically frangible regions in China:Taking Keerqin Sandy Land as an example[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2006,(12):1540-1543.]
[3] 武健伟,赵廷宁,鲁瑞洁.浑善达克沙地现代土地沙漠化发展动态与成因分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2003,1(4):36-40.[WU Jianwei,ZHAO Tingning,LU Ruijie.Development and reasons of sandy desertification in Otindag Sandy Land during the modern period[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,1(4):36-40.]
[4] 徐小玲,延军平.毛乌素沙地的脆弱性与可持续发展研究[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(3):286-289.[XU Xiaoling,YAN Junping.Study on the vulnerability and the sustainable development in the Mu Us Sandland[J].Arid Zone Research,2004,21(3):286-289.]
[5] 董建林,雅洁.呼伦贝尔沙地近十年来土地沙漠化变化分析[J].林业资源管理,2002,(4):39-43.[DONG Jianlin,YA Jie.Analysis on the changes of land desertification in Hulunbeier Sandy Land area over the last 10 years[J].Forest Resources Management,2002,(4):39-43.]
[6] 齐雁冰,常庆瑞,刘梦云,等.陕北农牧交错带50年来土地沙漠化的自然和人为成因定量分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(5):104-109.[QI Yanbing,CHANG Qingrui,LIU Mengyun,et al.Quantitative analysis of natural and anthropogenic effect on sand desertification in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of northern Shaanxi Province in the near fifty years[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(5):104-109.]
[7] 贾若楠,杜鑫,李强子,等.近15年锡林郭勒盟植被变化时空特征及其对气候的响应[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(5):47-56.[JIA Ruonan,DU Xin,LI Qiangzi,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics of vegetation variation in Xilin Gol League in recent 15 years and its response to climate[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(5):47-56.]
[8] 邬建国,郭晓川,杨劼,等.什么是可持续性科学?[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(1):1-11.[WU Jianguo,GUO Xiaochuan,YANG Jie,et al.What is sustainability science?[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(1):1-11.]
[9] HUANG Lu,WU Jianguo,YAN Lijiao.Defining and measuring urban sustainability:A review of indicators[J].Landscape Ecology,2015,30(7):1175-1193.
[10] WU Jianguo,WU Tong.Sustainability indicators and indices:An overview[M]//Handbook of sustainable management.London:Imperial College Press,2012:65-86.
[11] LI Jingwei,LIU Zhifeng,HE Chunyang,et al.Are the drylands in northern China sustainable? A perspective from ecological footprint dynamics from 1990 to 2010[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,553:223-231.
[12] 王艳,王力.生态足迹研究进展述评[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(3):114-120.[WANG Yan,WANG Li.A review of research on ecological footprint[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(3):114-120.]
[13] REES W E.Revisiting carrying capacity:Area-based indicators of sustainability[J].Population and Environment,1996,17(3):195-215.
[14] REES W E,WACKERNAGEL M.Urban ecological footprints:Why cities cannot be sustainable-and why they are a key to sustainability[J].Environmental Impact Assessment Review,1996,16(4-6):223-248.
[15] REES W E. Eco-footprint analysis:merits and brickbats[J].Ecological Economics,2000,32(3):371-374.
[16] 刘宇辉,彭希哲.基于生态足迹模型的中国发展可持续性评估[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2004,(5):60-65.[LIU Yuhui,PENG Xizhe.Development sustainability analysis of China on ecological footprint model[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2004,(5):60-65.]
[17] Living Planet Report 2014:Species and spaces,people and places[R].World Wide Fund for Nature, 2014.
[18] 王玉梅,尚金城.生态足迹分析法在可持续发展定量评估中的应用-以吉林省2002年生态足迹分析为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(1):146-150.[WANG Yumei,SHANG Jincheng.Application of ecological footprint analysis method to quantitative assessment of sustainable development:A case study of Jilin in 2002[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2006,20(1):146-150.]
[19] 熊德国,鲜学福,姜永东.生态足迹理论在区域可持续发展评价中的应用及改进[J].地理科学进展,2003,(6):618-626.[XIONG Deguo,XIAN Xuefu,JIANG Yongdong.Discussion on ecological footprint theory applied to regional sustainable development evaluation[J].Progress in Geography,2003,(6):618-626.]
[20] 张青,任志远.中国西部地区生态承载力与生态安全空间差异分析[J].水土保持通报,2013,(2):230-235.[ZHANG Qing,REN Zhiyuan.Spatial difference in ecological carrying capacity and ecological safety in western China[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,(2):230-235.]
[21] 张可云,傅帅雄,张文彬.基于改进生态足迹模型的中国31个省级区域生态承载力实证研究[J].地理科学,2011,(9):1084-1089.[ZHANG Keyun,FU Shuaixiong,ZHANG Wenbin.Ecological carrying capacity of 31 provinces based on improved ecological footprint model[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,(9):1084-1089.]
[22] 包慧娟,郭佳,闫丽.科尔沁沙地基于生态足迹模型的沙漠化成因分析-以奈曼旗为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,(2):126-131.[BAO Huijuan,GUO Jia,YAN Li.Study on ecological footprint of the human activity intensity in Horqin Sandy:A case of Naiman banner[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2010,(2):126-131.]
[23] 杨艳,牛建明,张庆,等.基于生态足迹的半干旱草原区生态承载力与可持续发展研究-以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟为例[J].生态学报,2011,31(17):5096-5104.[YANG Yan,NIU Jianming,ZHANG Qing,et al.Ecological footprint analysis of a semi-arid grassland region facilitates assessment of its ecological carrying capacity:A case study of Xilinguole League[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(17):5096-5104.]
[24] 秦静,白中科,周伟.基于生态足迹与生态服务价值的区域生态环境动态评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(S1):244-247.[QIN Jing,BAI Zhongke,ZHOU Wei.Ecological environment evaluation based on ecological footprint model and ecological services value[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,26(S1):244-247.]
[25] 李春兰,朝鲁门,包玉海,等.21世纪初期气候波动下浑善达克沙地荒漠化动态变化分析[J].干旱区地理,2015,38(3):556-564.[LI Chunlan,CHAO Lumen,BAO Yuhai,et al.Dynamic changes of desertification in the Hunshandake Desert under the climate fluctuation in early 21st Century[J].Arid Land Geography,2015,38(3):556-564.]
[26] 张宝珠,金维林,葛士林,等.呼伦贝尔沙地治理布局及治理模式[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(5):1310-1313.[ZHANG Baozhu,JIN Weilin,GE Shilin,et al.Planning of desertification control and related models in the Hulunbuir Sandy Land[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(5):1310-1313.]
[27] 闫峰,吴波.近40a毛乌素沙地荒漠化过程研究[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(6):987-996.[YAN Feng,WU Bo.Desertification progress in Mu Us Sandy Land over the past 40 years[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(6):987-996.]
[28] 王涛.中国沙漠与沙漠化[M].石家庄:河北科学技术出版社,2003:525-574.[WANG Tao.Desert and desertification in China[M].Shijiazhuang:Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House.2003:525-574.]
[29] 蒋卫国,陈云浩,李京,等.中国北方农牧交错带生态环境的空间格局演变[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(6):871-878.[JIANG Weiguo,CHEN Yunhao,LI Jing,et al.Change and spatial pattern of eco-environment in the farming pastoral ecotone of the northern China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2005,20(6):871-878.]
[30] 汪爱华,李丽,迟耀斌,等.基于北京1号小卫星的全国沙漠与沙漠化土地监测研究[J].地理科学, 2010,30(3):409-414.[WANG Aihua,LI Li,CHI Yaobin,et al.Study on monitoring of desert and sandy desertification land in China using images of Beijing-1 Small Satellite[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2010,30(3):409-414.]
[31] ZHENG Y R,XIE Z X,ROBERT C,et al.Did climate drive ecosystem change and induce desertification in Otindag sandy land,China over the past 40 years?[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2006,64(3):523-541.
[32] WACKERNAGEL M,ONISTO L,BELLO P.Ecological footprints of nations.commissioned by the earth council for the rio+5 forum[J].International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives Toronto.Rio,1997,5:1993-1997.
[33] WACKERNAGEL M,ONISTO L,BELLO P,et al.National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept[J].Ecological economics,1999,29(3):375-390.
[34] 谢文瑄,黄庆旭,何春阳.山东半岛城市扩展模式与生态足迹的关系[J].生态学报,2017,37(3):969-978.[XIE Wenxuan,HUANG Qingxu,HE Chunyang.Urban expansion modes and regional ecological footprints in the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(3):969-978.]
[35] 张志强,徐中民,程国栋,等.中国西部12省(区市)的生态足迹[J].地理学报,2001,(5):598-609.[ZHAGN Zhiqiang,XU Zhongmin,CHENG Guodong,et al.The ecological footprints of the 12 provinces of west China in 1999[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,(5):598-609.]
[36] 刘某承,李文华,谢高地.基于净初级生产力的中国生态足迹产量因子测算[J].生态学杂志,2010,(3):592-597.[LIU Moucheng,LI Wenhua,XIE Gaodi.Estimation of China ecological footprint production coefficient based on net primary productivity[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2010,(3):592-597.]
[37] United Nations Development Program(UNDP).China National Human Development Report 2013:Sustainable and Liveable Cities:Towards Ecological Civilization[R].New York:UNDP,2013.
[38] 古杰,周素红,闫小培,等.中国农村居民生活水平的时空变化过程及其影响因素[J].经济地理,2013,33(10):124-131.[GU Jie,ZHOU Suhong,YAN Xiaopei,et al.Spatial-temporal variations of rural residents' living standard and its influence factors in China[J].Economic Geography,2013,33(10):124-131.]
[39] 李俊莉,曹明明.榆林市能源化工基地经济增长对资源环境的影响[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(6):282-287.[LI Junli,CAO Mingming.Impacts of economic development of energy industry base on resource and environment in Yulin City[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,34(6):282-287.]
[40] 崔秀萍,吕君,王珊.生态脆弱区资源型城市生态环境影响评价与调控[J].干旱区地理,2015,38(1);148-154.[CUI Xiuping,LV Jun,WANG Shan.Resource-based city ecological environment impact assessment and regulation in ecological fragile region[J].Arid Land Geography,2015,38(1):148-154.]
[41] 吕萍,陈欢欢.基于生态足迹模型的煤炭资源型城市生态承载力评价[J].区域经济评论,2017,(3):127-133.[LV Ping,CHEN Huanhuan.Assessment on ecological carrying capacity of coal resource-based city based on ecological footprint model[J].Regional Economic Review,2017,(3):127-133.]
[42] 胡兵辉,廖允成.毛乌素沙地农牧生态系统能值分析与耦合关系[J].生态学报,2011,31(9):2559-2566.[HU Binghui,LIAO Yuncheng.The coupling relationship and emergy analysis of farming and grazing ecosystems in Mu Us Sandland[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(9):2559-2566.]
[43] 赵媛媛,邬建国.草地生态系统服务:研究综述[C].//高玉葆,邬建国.现代生态学讲座(Ⅷ):群落、生态系统和景观生态学研究新进展.北京:高等教育出版社,2017:170-205.[ZHAO Yuanyuan,WU Jianguo.Grassland ecosystem services:A review[C]//GAO Yubao,WU Jianguo.Lectures in modern ecology(Ⅷ):Advances in community,ecosystem and landscape ecology.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2017:170-205.]
[44] HASSAN R,SCHOLES R,ASH N.Ecosystems and human well-being:Current state and trends[J].Journal of Bacteriology,2005,1(5):1387-1404.
[45] 晓兰,延军平,刘小艳.科尔沁沙地生态与经济互动发展模式[J].干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(12):28-35.[XIAO Lan,YAN Junping,LIU Xiaoyan.The interactive development model of ecology and economy in Keerqin Deserts[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2009,23(12):28-35.]
[46] WU Jianguo.Landscape sustainability science:Ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes[J].Landscape Ecology,2013,28(6):999-1023.
[47] ZHAO Zhenzhen,LIN Aiwen,FENG Jiandi,et al.Analysis of water resources in Horqin Sandy Land using multisource data from 2003 to 2010[J].Sustainability,2016,8(4):374.
[48] 刘正恩,葛剑平.北方农牧交错带生态恢复与重建的原则及对策[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(3):299-303.[LIU Zhengen,GE Jianping.Principles and measures for restoring and regenerating the ecology in the agro-pastoral ecotones in north China[J].Arid Zone Research,2004,21(3):299-303.]