黄土丘陵沟壑区不同退耕年限刺槐林地土壤氮素动态特征

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2018.06.16

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 土壤无机氮的可利用性是影响植物生长发育和植被演替进程的关键因子之一，尤其在生态系统十分脆弱的黄土丘陵沟壑区更为重要。因此，采用时空代换法，通过选取不同退耕年限（10 a、20 a、30 a、40 a）的刺槐林地及相邻对照草地为研究对象，系统研究刺槐林在生长季（4~9月）土壤无机氮净转化速率的变化情况。结果表明：（1）刺槐林地土壤NO₃^--N平均含量约是对照草地的4.57倍，而NH₄⁺-N在两个样地之间没有显著差异。（2）刺槐林地及对照草地土壤在7~8月以硝化作用为主，在4~5月和8~9月以氨化过程为主，且刺槐林地氮素净转化速率大于对照样地。（3）刺槐林地土壤NO₃^--N在前30 a处于积累状态，随后呈现消耗趋势。总而言之，退耕地刺槐林营造可以减少土壤NO₃^--N的淋失，提高NO₃^--N净转化速率，但刺槐林NO₃^--N的累积状态在30 a后变为消耗状态。所以要采取应对30 a以上林龄的刺槐林采取间伐措施，以促进刺槐林的健康发展。

关键词: 植被恢复, 刺槐, 无机氮, 净转化速率

Abstract: Inorganic nitrogen is one of the major nutrients in plant growth,especially in artificial revegetation. Robinia pseudoacacia plantation were considered one of the primary and promising trees of artificial revegetation in the Loess Plateau due to its fast growth and ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.However,the main form,net transformation rates and dynamics of inorganic nitrogen of Robinia pseudoacacia in the Loess Plateau were still unknown.In this study,we aimed to expose the capability of offering nitrogen through inorganic nitrogen.A chronosequence from 10~40 year-old plantations and adjacent contrasting grasslands in natural control with similar age were selected.The result showed as follows:(1) the average content of NO₃^--N was the 4.57 times in Robinia pseudoacacia plantation than that in the contrasting grasslands,but no influence on NH₄⁺-N. (2) compared with lands and abandoned years,the soil moisture and temperature were the major effects on net transformation rates,showing nitrification was the prominent nitrogen transformation processes on July-August,while ammonization was the key nitrogen transformation processes on April-May and August-September,and Robinia pseudoacacia plantations had faster net nitrogen transformation rates than the contrasting grasslands. (3) Robinia pseudoacacia plantations can accelerate the accumulation of NO₃^--N compared with the grasslands,but a consumption was occurred exceeding 30 year-old.Overall,Robinia pseudoacacia plantation can reduce NO₃^--N leaching,but no influence on NH₄⁺-N,and Robinia pseudoacacia plantation had a consumption trend of NO₃^--N after 30 years.So,some management,such as thinning,should be taken to accelerate the healthy development of Robinia pseudoacacia plantation in the Loess Plateau.

Key words: vegetation restoration, Robinia pseudoacacia, inorganic nitrogen, net transformation rate

中图分类号:

S153

邓娜, 王红雷, 胡澍, 吴多洋, 寇萌, 焦菊英. 黄土丘陵沟壑区不同退耕年限刺槐林地土壤氮素动态特征[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(6): 1285-1294.

DENG Na, WANG Hong-lei, HU Shu, WU Duo-yang, KOU Meng, JIAO Ju-ying. Soil nitrogen dynamics of Robinia pseudoacacia within artificial revegetation process in Loess Plateau[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(6): 1285-1294.

参考文献

[1] 毛超,漆良华.森林土壤氮转化与循环研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2015,28(2):8-13.[MAO Chao,QI Lianghua.Research advances on nitrogen transformation and cycling in forest soil[J].World Forestry Research,2015,28(2):8-13.]
[2] 邹亚丽,牛得草,杨益,等.氮素添加对黄土高原典型草原土壤氮矿化的影响[J].草地学报,2014,22(3):461-468.[ZOU Yali,NIU Decao,YANG Yi,et al.The effects of nitrogen addition on soil nitrogen mineralization in the semi-arid typical grassland of Loess Plateau[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2014,22(3):461-468.]
[3] 余泺,高明,慈恩,等.不同耕作方式下土壤氮素矿化和硝化特征研究[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(3):733-738.[YU Li,GAO Ming,CI En,et al.Study on the characteristics of mineralization and nitrification in different cultivation modes[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(3):733-738.]
[4] WANG H L,DENG N,WU D Y,et al.Long-term net transformation and quantitative molecular mechanisms of soil nitrogen during natural vegetation recovery of abandoned farmland on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,607-608:152.
[5] 王力,李裕元,李秧秧.黄土高原生态环境的恶化及其对策[J].自然资源学报,2004,19(2):263-271.[WANG Li,LI Yuyuan,LI Yangyang.The eco-environment deterioration and its countermeasures in the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2004,19(2):263-271.]
[6] 上官周平.黄土高原地区水土保持与生态建设的若干思考[J].中国水土保持科学,2006,4(1):1-4.[SHANGGUAN Zhouping.Considerations on soil and water conservation and ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,4(1):1-4.]
[7] 申家朋,张文辉.黄土丘陵区退耕还林地刺槐人工林碳储量及分配规律[J].生态学报,2014,34(10):2746-2754.[SHEN Jiapeng,ZHANG Wenhui.Characteristics of carbon storage and sequestration of Pobinia pseudoacacia forest land converted by farmland in the hilly Loess Plateau Region[J].Acta Ecologica Siniva,2014,34(10):2746-2754.]
[8] 杨维西,赵廷宁,李生智,等.人工刺槐林和油松林的根系固土作用初探[J].水土保持学报,1988,(4):38-44.[YANG Weixi,ZHAO Yanning,LI Shengzhi,et al.Study on root reinforcement of two species in Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1988,(4):38-44.]
[9] 邓磊,张文辉.黄土沟壑区刺槐人工林的天然发育规律[J].林业科学,2010,46(12):15-22.[DENG Lei,ZHANG Wenhui.Natural development pattern of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in Loess Hilly Region[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010,46(12):15-22.]
[10] 张超,刘国彬,薛萐,等.黄土丘陵区不同林龄人工刺槐林土壤抗蚀性演变特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(2):1-7.[ZHANG Chao,LIU Guobin,XUE Sha,et al.Evolution of soil anti-erodiblity of Robinia pseudoacacia plantation at different ages in hilly-gully region of Loess Plateau[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,8(2):1-7.]
[11] 刘国彬,上官周平,姚文艺,等.黄土高原生态工程的生态成效[J].中国科学院院刊,2017,32(1):11-19.[LIU Guobin,SHANGGUAN Zhouping,YAO Wenyi,et al.Ecological effects of soil conservation in Loess Plateau[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2017,32(1):11-19.]
[12] 邢肖毅,黄懿梅,安韶山,等.黄土高原沟壑区森林带不同植物群落土壤氮素含量及其转化[J].生态学报,2013,33(22):7181-7189.[XING Xiaoyi,HUANG Yimei,AN Shaoshan,et al.Soil nitrogen concentrations and transformations under different vegetation types in forested zones of the Loess Gully Region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(22):7181-7189.]
[13] 贺纪正,张丽梅.土壤氮素转化的关键微生物过程及机制[J].微生物学通报,2013,40(1):98-108.[HE Jizheng,ZHANG Limei.Key processes and microbial mechanisms of soil nitrogen transformation[J].Microbiology China,2013,40(1):98-108.]
[14] 曾凯,刘琳,蔡义民,等.地下生态系统中氮素的循环及影响因素[J].草业科学,2017,34(3):502-514.[ZENG Kai,LIU Lin,CAI Yimin,et al.The nitrogen cycle and factors affecting it in the belowground ecosystem[J].Pratacultural Science,2017,34(3):502-514.]
[15] 刘欣,黄运湘,袁红,等.植被类型与坡位对喀斯特土壤氮转化速率的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(9):2578-2587.[LIU Xin,HUANG Yunxiang,YUAN Hong,et al.Effects of vegetation type and slope position on soil nitrogen transformation rate in Karst regions[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(9):2578-2587.]
[16] ZHU W X,CARREIRO M M.Temporal and spatial variations in nitrogen transformations in deciduous forest ecosystems along an urban-rural gradient[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2004,36(2):267-278.
[17] BURGER M,JACKSON L E.Microbial immobilization of ammonium and nitrate in relation to ammonification and nitrification rates in organic and conventional cropping systems[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2003,35(1):29-36.
[18] 曾全超,李鑫,董扬红,等.黄土高原延河流域不同植被类型下土壤生态化学计量学特征[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(11):1881-1891.[ZENG Quanchao,LI Xin,DONG Yanghong.Ecological stoichiometry of soils in the Yanhe Watershed in the Loess Plateau:The influence of different vegetation zones[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(11):1881-1891.]
[19] 张笑培,杨改河,王得祥,等.黄土高原沟壑区不同植被恢复模式对土壤生物学特性的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(5):149-154.[ZHANG Xiaopei,YANG Gaihe,WANG Dexiang,et al.Effect of different vegetation restoration models on soil microbial characters in the gully region of Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Northwest A & F University(Nat Sci Ed),2008,36(5):149-154.]
[20] 王艳杰,邹国元,付桦,等.土壤氮素矿化研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(10):203-208.[WANG Yanjie,ZOU Guoyuan,FU Hua,et al.Development and advance of soil nitrogen mineralization[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2005,21(10):203-208.]
[21] 艾泽民,陈云明,曹扬.黄土丘陵区不同林龄刺槐人工林碳、氮储量及分配格局[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(2):333-341.[AI Zemin,CHEN Yunming,CAO Yang.Storage and allocation of carbon and nitrogen in Robinia pseudoacacia plantation at different ages in the Loess Hilly Region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(2):333-341.]
[22] 吴多洋,焦菊英,于卫洁,等.陕北刺槐林木生长及林下植被与土壤水分对种植密度的响应特征[J].西北植物学报,2017,37(2):346-355.[WU Duoyang,JIAO Juying,YU Weijie,et al.Response characteristics of locust growth understory vegetation and soil moisture on planting density in northern Shaanxi[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2017,37(2):346-355.]
[23] 韩鲁艳,郝乾坤,焦菊英.黄土丘陵沟壑区人工林地的土壤抗蚀性评价[J].水土保持通报,2009,23(3):159-164.[HAN Luyan,HAO Qiankun,JIAO Juying.Soil anti-erodibility of artificial woodlands in the hilly-gullied region of the Loess Plateau[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(3):159-164.]
[24] WEI X R,SHAO M,FU X,et al.The effects of land use on soil N mineralization during the growing season on the northern Loess Plateau of China[J].Geoderma,2011,160(3-4):590-598.
[25] 彭文英,张科利,杨勤科.黄土坡面土壤性质随退耕时间的动态变化研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(5):153-158.[PENG Wenying,ZHANG Keli,YANG Qinke.Research on soil property dynamics in retired farmland in the loess sloping land[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environmen,2006,20(5):153-158.]
[26] 赵娜,孟平,张劲松,等.华北低丘山地不同退耕年限刺槐人工林土壤质量评价[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(2):351-358.[ZHAO Na,MENG Ping,ZHANG Jinsong,et al.Soil quality assessment of Robinia psedudoacia plantations with various ages in the Grain-for-Green Program in hilly area of north China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(2):351-358.]
[27] 程谊.若干因素对土壤氮初级转化速率的影响研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2012.[CHENG Yi.Studies on the influence of several factors on soil gross nitrogen transformation rates[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2012.]
[28] 刘中奇,朱清科,秦伟,等.半干旱黄土区自然恢复与人工造林恢复植被群落对比研究[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(4):857-863.[LIU Zhongqi,ZHU Qingke,QIN Wei,et al.Comparison of vegetation community between natural recovery and artificial restoration in semiarid loess area[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(4):857-863.]
[29] RECOUS S,MACHET J M,MARY B.The partitioning of fertilizer-N between soil and crop:Comparison of ammonium and nitrate applications[J].Plant & Soil,1992,144(1):101-111.
[30] CHEN Y T,BORKEN W,STANGE C F,et al.Effects of decreasing water potential on gross ammonification and nitrification in an acid coniferous forest soil[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2011,43(2):333-338.
[31] HOYLE F C,MURPHY D V,FILLERY I R P.Temperature and stubble management influence microbial CO₂-C evolution and gross N transformation rates[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2006,38(1):71-80.
[32] FU B J,ZHANG Q,CHEN L,et al.Temporal change in land use and its relationship to slope degree and soil type in a small catchment on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Catena,2006,65(1):41-48.
[33] KOU M,GARCIA-FAYOS P,HU S,et al.The effect of Robinia pseudoacacia afforestation on soil and vegetation properties in the Loess Plateau (China):A chronosequence approach[J].Forest Ecology & Management,2016,375:146-158.