气候干湿是表征气候特征的重要指标，土壤干湿是一个复杂的、多维的水文气候概念，二者有其差异性，也有一定一致性。在全球变暖背景下，有必要进一步深入研究二者演变趋势与差异。鉴于此，对中国气候干湿与土壤干湿变化特征及其差异进行分析，明确气候干湿与土壤干湿的异同。采用湿润度指数对中国气候干湿整体状况及区划情况进行研究，并对同时段土壤干湿趋势进行分析。研究表明：（1）近60余年中国不同气候区分界线未发生明显变化，但不同的气候态与1961—1990年气候态时段相比，中国北方自西向东存在一个面积广大的气候变干带，其湿润度指数存在着轻微变小的趋势，只是变化程度尚未达到改变气候分类的程度。（2）中国不同气候区气候干湿与土壤干湿在年内变化有所差异，湿润区与半湿润区二者一致性明显好于半干旱和干旱区；不同气候区潜在蒸散与降水差值的月变化存在明显差异，对干旱与半干旱区而言，3—9月与3—6月为气候干期，该时段干旱发生的可能较大；半湿润气候区7—8月进入水分盈余阶段，而湿润气候区，除个别月份，全年基本处于水分盈余状态。（3）中国区域气候干湿变化与土壤湿度多年变化存在着明显的差异，不同气候区多年湿润度指数均呈轻微增加趋势，但土壤湿度大部呈变干趋势，侧面说明中国不同气候区农牧业生产潜在干旱风险在增高。研究结果有助于全面认识气象干湿与土壤干湿，促进对二者关联的进一步研究；同时有助于加强干旱风险的防控意识，提高农牧业生产的抗旱应对举措。

Climatic dry-wet conditions are important indicators of climate characteristics, whereas soil dry-wet conditions are complex and multidimensional hydroclimatic concepts. There are significant differences and certain consistencies between these conditions. Under the background of global warming, the evolution trends and differences of these conditions must be further studied. Thus, this paper analyzed the characteristics and differences of climate dry-wet and soil moisture conditions in China and clarified their similarities and differences. Therefore, the overall climate dry-wet status and regional fluctuation were studied using the humidity index, and the soil dry-wet trends were analyzed in the same period. The results showed little change in the boundary line of different climates in China over the past 60 years. However, compared with the climate state period from 1961 to 1990, there was a vast climate drying zone from west to east in the north of China and its humidity index had a slightly decreasing trend, but the variation did not necessitate changing the climate classification. The monthly variations of climate dry-wet and soil dry-wet conditions were different in each climate zone in China, and the consistencies of humid and semihumid zones were better than those of semiarid and arid zones. The monthly variations of PET and precipitation differences in each climatic region in China were obviously different. For arid and semiarid regions, March-September and March-June were dry periods, respectively, and drought was more likely to occur in these periods. The semihumid climate area entered the water surplus stage from July to August, whereas the humid climate area, except for a few months, was basically in the water surplus state throughout the year. There were obvious differences between climate dry-wet changes and perennial soil moisture changes in China’s land regions. The annual humidity index in different climate regions showed a slightly increasing trend, but most of the soil moisture showed a drying trend, especially the shallow soil in the plough layer, which showed a potentially increasing agricultural and pastoral drought risk in different climate regions of China. The results of this study can help us fully understand the relationship between climate dry-wet and soil dry-wet conditions and promote further studies on their relationships. Moreover, this study can strengthen the awareness of drought risk prevention and control and improve agricultural and pastoral drought resistance measures.