提高粮食生产用水绿色效率是降低农业用水规模、实现农业绿色发展的有效途径之一。基于中国31个省（市、自治区）2010—2020年面板数据，以粮食生产水足迹作为投入指标，粮食生产灰水足迹作为非期望产出，采用三阶段超效率SBM-Malmquist指数模型，对中国粮食生产用水绿色效率进行评价，在此基础上，测算技术进步条件下粮食生产用水的回弹效应。结果表明：（1） 种植结构、灌溉技术和氮肥施用量等因素对粮食生产用水效率影响显著；不同粮食生产水足迹、灰水足迹存在显著差异；灰水足迹平均增长速度排名为：中部>东部>西部。（2） 外部环境对中国粮食生产用水绿色效率具有显著影响；剔除环境因素后，综合技术效率均值下降0.147，纯技术效率均值和规模效率均值分别下降0.018、0.250；粮食生产用水全要素生产率整体处于优化阶段，其主要依赖于技术进步变化。（3） 技术作为提高农业水资源利用效率的主导因素，很大程度上影响了中国粮食生产用水回弹效应的变化节奏。除东部地区2017年粮食生产用水未产生回弹效应外，其他年份均存在回弹效应，农业节水技术地区发展不平衡特征明显。建议加强农业水资源管理，深挖用水效率提升潜力，优化粮食生产要素投入结构，推动节水技术推广与应用，从而减轻水环境污染，实现农业绿色可持续发展。

Improving the green efficiency of water use for grain production is one of the effective ways to reduce the scale of agricultural water use and realize the green development of agriculture. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China from 2010 to 2020, the green efficiency of water use for grain production is evaluated by using the water footprint of grain production as an input indicator and the gray water footprint of grain production as a non-desired output, using the three-stage super-efficiency SBM-Malmquist index model, based on which the rebound of water use for grain production under the condition of technological progress is measured. The study found that: (1) Factors such as planting structure, irrigation technology and nitrogen fertilizer application have a significant impact on the water use efficiency of grain production; there are significant differences in the water footprint and gray water footprint of different grains; the average growth rate of the gray water footprint is ranked as follows: central China>eastern China>western China. (2) The external environment has a significant impact on the green efficiency of water use for grain production in China; after removing the environmental factors, the mean value of comprehensive technical efficiency decreases by 0.147, the mean value of pure technical efficiency and the mean value of scale efficiency decreases by 0.018 and 0.250, respectively; the green total factor productivity of water use for grain production as a whole is in the optimization stage, which is mainly dependent on the changes of technological progress. (3) Technology, as the dominant factor in improving agricultural water use efficiency, largely influences the pace of change in the rebound effect of water use for grain production in China. In addition to the eastern region in 2017, the rebound effect of water for grain production did not occur, the rebound effect exists in all other years, and the regional development of agricultural water conservation technology is characterized by an obvious imbalance. It is recommended to strengthen the management of agricultural water resources, deepen the potential of water use efficiency improvement, optimize the input structure of food production factors, and promote the up-lift and application of water-saving technologies, so as to mitigate water environmental pollution and realize the green and sustainable development of agriculture.