西北干旱荒漠区边界范围及变化分析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.06.12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

选取青海省、甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区、内蒙古自治区和西藏自治区1980—1995年和2010—2019年两段时间的逐日地面气象要素和逐月降水量等要素确定西北干旱荒漠区理论范围,基于该区域逐月降水量估算多年平均降水量,通过Penman-Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散量,获得湿润指数空间分布;最后将多年平均降水量与湿润指数进行叠加分析,识别西北干旱荒漠区的边界。结果表明：形成了南起昆仑山脉,北至阿尔泰山脉,西至贺兰山的西北干旱荒漠区范围,但天山北麓、乌鲁木齐绿洲、伊犁河谷和塔城部分地区除外;通过对研究区2个时间段数据的对比,明确了西北干旱荒漠区范围变化是由于降水量及潜在蒸散量低的地区明显减少和湿润指数高的地区明显增多导致的,发现干旱区分界线明显北移,半干旱区面积明显增大;区划结果与山系相结合将西北干旱荒漠区范围划分到区县级,为西北干旱荒漠区的资源开采利用、因地制宜的生态修复提供了一定的数据支撑。

关键词: Penman-Monteith公式, 边界识别, 变化分析, 西北干旱荒漠区

Abstract:

Starting from the qualitative description of arid desert areas in northwest China, a quantitative and precise boundary is formed based on the daily surface meteorological elements and monthly precipitation in Qinghai Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Tibet Autonomous Region in 1980—1995 and 2010—2019. The arid desert area in northwest China was determined, the potential evapotranspiration was calculated using the Penman-Monteith equation, and the spatial distribution of the wettability index was obtained. Finally, the average precipitation and wettability indexes were superimposed, and the boundaries of arid desert areas in the northwest were identified. The results showed that the arid desert areas range from Kunlun Mountains in the south to Altay Mountains in the north and the Helan Mountains in the west, except for the northern foot of Tianshan Mountains, Urumqi Oasis, Ili River Valley, and parts of Tacheng Prefecture. A comparison of the data of the two periods in the studied area clarified that the change in the scope of the arid desert area in northwest China is due to the obvious decrease in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration and the obvious increase in the area with a high humidity index. The dividing line of the arid region moved northward and the semiarid region increased evidently, and the arid desert region in northwest China was divided into districts and counties based on the results of the division and mountain system, providing data support for the exploitation and the utilization of resources and ecological restoration in the arid desert area of northwest China. This work is of great significance for regional refinement, exploitation, and utilization of resources; ecological restoration according to local conditions; the development of the northwest economy; and scientific research.

Key words: Penman-Monteith formula, boundary identification, change analysis, arid desert region of northwest China

祖力卡尔·海力力,赵廷宁,姜群鸥. 西北干旱荒漠区边界范围及变化分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(6): 1635-1643.

Zulkar HAILIL,ZHAO Tingning,JIANG Qun’ou. Boundary scope and change of arid desert area in northwest China[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(6): 1635-1643.

图/表 8

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

参考文献 35

[1]	郑度, 欧阳, 周成虎. 对自然地理区划方法的认识与思考[J]. 地理学报, 2008, 63(6):563-573.
	[ Zheng Du, Ou Yang, Zhou Chenghu. Understanding of and thinking over geographical regionalization methodology[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(6):563-573. ]
[2]	叶海峰. 自然地理区划方法的认识与思考[J]. 旅游纵览, 2015(8):276.
	[ Ye Haifeng. Understanding of and thinking over geographical regionalization methodology[J]. Tourism Overview, 2015(8):276. ]
[3]	Babita K, Shahfahad, Mohammad T, et al. Land use/land cover (LU/LC) change dynamics using indices overlay method in Gautam Buddha Nagar District-India[J]. GeoJoural, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10708-021-10374-w. doi: 10.1007/s10708-021-10374-w
[4]	冯家豪, 赵广举, 穆兴民, 等. 黄河中游泥沙输移特性及机理研究[J]. 泥沙研究, 2020, 45(5):34-41.
	[ Feng Jiahao, Zhao Guangju, Mu Xingmin, et al. Characteristics and mechanism of sediment transport in the middle Yellow River[J]. Journal of Sediment Research, 2020, 45(5):34-41. ]
[5]	郑度, 葛全胜, 张雪芹, 等. 中国区划工作的回顾与展望[J]. 地理研究, 2005, 24(3):330-344.
	[ Zheng Du, Ge Quansheng, Zhang Xueqin, et al. Regionalization in China: Retrospect and prospect[J]. Geographical Research, 2005, 24(3):330-344. ]
[6]	陈亚宁, 陈亚鹏, 朱成刚, 等. 西北干旱荒漠区生态系统可持续管理理念与模式[J]. 生态学报, 2019, 39(2):7410-7417.
	[ Chen Yaning, Chen Yapeng, Zhu Chenggang, et al. The concept and mode of ecosystem sustainable management in arid desert areas in northwest China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(2):7410-7417. ]
[7]	Zhang Q, Vijay P S, Li J F, et al. Analysis of the periods of maximum consecutive wet days in China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-atmospheres, 2011, 116(23):1-18.
[8]	曹丽君, 孙慧兰, 兰小丽, 等. 新疆天山地区极端干湿事件时空演变特征[J/OL]. 干旱区研究.[2021-01-30]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/65.1095.X.20201130.1402.008.html .
	[ Cao Lijun, Sun Huilan, Lan Xiaoli, et al. Spatio-temporal evolution of the extreme dry and wet events in Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang[J/OL]. Arid Zone Research.[2021-01-30]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/65.1095.X.20201130.1402.008.html .]
[9]	党荣理, 潘晓玲, 顾峰雪. 西北干旱荒漠区植物属的区系分析[J]. 广西植物, 2002, 22(2):121-128.
	[ Dang Rongli, Pan Xiaoling, Gu Fengxue. Floristic analysis of spermatophyte genera in the arid deserts area in north-west China[J]. Guihaia, 2002, 22(2):121-128. ]
[10]	赵建民, 陈海滨, 李景侠. 西北干旱荒漠区植物多样性的保护与可持续发展[J]. 西北林学院学报, 2003, 18(1):29-31, 34.
	[ Zhao Jianmin, Chen Haibin, Li Jingxia. Conservation and sustainable development of plant diversity in northwest drought desert area[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2003, 18(1):29-31, 34. ]
[11]	顾峰雪, 潘晓玲. 中国西北干旱荒漠区盐生植物资源与开发利用[J]. 干旱区研究, 2002, 19(4):17-20.
	[ Gu Fengxue, Pan Xiaoling. Halophyte resources and their exploitation and utilization in the arid desert regions of northwest China[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2002, 19(4):17-20. ]
[12]	武磊, 李常斌, 王刘明, 等. 基于ESA-LUC和MODIS-NDVI的西北干旱荒漠-绿洲体系分类阈值及应用[J]. 中国沙漠, 2020, 40(6):139-150.
	[ Wu Lei, Li Changbin, Wang Liuming, et al. Division and application of desert-oasis system in arid northwest China based on ESA-LUC and MODIS-NDVI[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2020, 40(6):139-150. ]
[13]	郭兵, 孔维华, 姜琳. 西北干旱荒漠生态区脆弱性动态监测及驱动因子定量分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2018, 33(3):412-424.
	[ Guo Bing, Kong Weihua, Jiang Lin. Dynamic monitoring of ecological vulnerability in arid desert ecological region of northwest China and the quantitativa analysis of its driving forces[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018, 33(3):412-424. ]
[14]	中国人民代表大会常务委员会. 联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约[J]. 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委员会公报, 1996(9):15-61.
	[The NPC Standing Committee. United Nations convention to combat desertification in those countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa[J]. Gazette of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, 1996(9):15-61. ]
[15]	Slavisa T. Temperature-based approaches for estimating reference evapotranspiration[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2005, 131(4):316-323. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2005)131:4(316)
[16]	George H, Hargreaves , Richard G A. History and evaluation of Hargreaves evapotranspiration equation[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2003, 129(1):53-63. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2003)129:1(53)
[17]	Penman H L. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1948, 193(1032):120-145.
[18]	Jensen M E, Allen R G. Evaporation, evapotranspiration, and irrigation water requirements[M]. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016, doi: 10.1061/9780784414057. doi: 10.1061/9780784414057
[19]	Allen R G, Walter I A, Elliott R L, et al. The ASCE standardized reference evapotranspiration equation[M]. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005, doi: 10.1061/9780784408056. doi: 10.1061/9780784408056
[20]	毛飞, 张光智, 徐祥德. 参考作物蒸散量的多种计算方法及其结果的比较[J]. 应用气象学报, 2000, 11(增刊1):128-136.
	[ Mao Fei, Zhang Guangzhi, Xu Xiangde. Several methods of calculating the reference evapotranspiration and comparison of their results[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2000, 11(Suppl. 1):128-136. ]
[21]	赵俊芳, 郭建平, 徐精文, 等. 基于湿润指数的中国干湿状况变化趋势[J]. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(8): 18-24, 386-387.
	[ Zhao Junfang, Guo Jianping, Xu Jingwen, et al. Trends of Chinese dry-wet condition based on wetness index[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2010, 26(8): 18-24, 386-387. ]
[22]	罗青红, 宁虎森, 陈启民. 基于湿润指数的新疆甘家湖地表干湿状况变化趋势[J]. 干旱区研究, 2016, 33(5):921-926.
	[ Luo Qinghong, Ning Husen, Chen Qimin. Trends of surface dry-wet state of Ganjiahu in Xinjiang based on humid index[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2016, 33(5):921-926. ]
[23]	刘德坤, 王军邦, 齐述华. 基于湿润指数的近35年青海省干湿状况变化分析[J]. 水土保持研究, 2014, 21(2): 246-250, 256, 335.
	[ Liu Dekun, Wang Junbang Qi Shuhua. Analysis on dry trend based on moisture index in Qinghai Province in the recent 35 years[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2014, 21(2): 246-250, 256, 335. ]
[24]	黄小燕, 张明军, 贾文雄, 等. 中国西北地区地表干湿变化及影响因素[J]. 水科学进展, 2011, 22(2):151-159.
	[ Huang Xiaoyan, Zhang Mingjun, Jia Wenxiong, et al. Variations of surface humidity and its influential factors in northwest China[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2011, 22(2):151-159. ]
[25]	王晶晶, 王文杰, 郎海鸥, 等. 三峡库区小江流域水环境综合区划[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2011, 13(1):38-47. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2011.00038
	[ Wang Jingjing, Wang Wenjie, Lang Haiou, et al. Integrated water environment regionalization in Xiaojiang Watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China[J]. Journal of Geo-information Scinence, 2011, 13(1):38-47. ] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2011.00038
[26]	魏凤英. 中国降水的主要分布特征[C]// 中国气象学会. 中国科协2002年减轻自然灾害研讨会论文汇编之一. 北京: 中国气象学会, 2002: 2-4.
	[ Wei Fengying. Main distribution characteristics of precipitation in China[C]// Chinese Meteorological Society. A Collection of Papers on the 2002 Symposium on Natural Disaster Mitigation of China Association for Science and Technology. Beijing: Chinese Meteorological Society, 2002: 2-4. ]
[27]	康丽娟, 巴特尔·巴克, 罗那那, 等. 1961—2013年新疆气温和降水的时空变化特征分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2018, 55(1):123-133. doi: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.01.014
	[ Kang Lijuan, Bake Batur, Luo Nana, et al. Spatial temporal variations of temperature and precipitation in Xinjiang from 1961 to 2013[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 55(1):123-133. ] doi: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.01.014
[28]	张音, 古丽贤·吐尔逊拜, 苏里坦, 等. 近60 a来新疆不同海拔气候变化的时空特征分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2019, 42(4):822-829.
	[ Zhang Yin, Tuerxunbai Gulixian, Su Litan, et al. Spatial and temporal characteristics of climate change at different altitudes in Xinjiang in the past 60 years[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2019, 42(4):822-829. ]
[29]	张扬, 楚新正, 杨少敏, 等. 近56 a新疆北部地区气候变化特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2019, 36(1):212-219.
	[ Zhang Yang, Chu Xinzheng, Yang Shaomin, et al. Climate change in north Xinjiang in recent 56 years[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2019, 36(1):212-219. ]
[30]	田亚林, 李雪梅, 李珍, 等. 1980—2017年天山山区不同降水形态的时空变化[J]. 干旱区地理, 2020, 43(2):308-318.
	[ Tian Yalin, Li Xuemei, Li Zhen, et al. Spatial and temporal variations of different precipitation types in the Tianshan Mountains from 1980 to 2017[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2020, 43(2):308-318. ]
[31]	刘胜涛, 牛香, 王兵, 等. 宁夏贺兰山自然保护区森林生态系统净化大气环境功能[J]. 生态学杂志, 2019, 38(2):420-426.
	[ Liu Shengtao, Niu Xiang, Wang Bing, et al. Air purification function of forest ecosystem in Helanshan Nature Reserve of Ningxia[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2019, 38(2):420-426. ]
[32]	李婷婷, 马超, 郭增长. 2004—2015年贺兰山自然保护区植被NPP时空变化与气候响应[J]. 水土保持研究, 2020, 27(6):254-261.
	[ Li Tingting, Ma Chao, Guo Zengzhang. Response of spatiotemporal change of NPP to climate in Helanshan Mountain Nature Reserve from 2004 to 2015[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2020, 27(6):254-261. ]
[33]	许洁, 陈惠玲, 商沙沙, 等. 2000—2014年青藏高原植被净初级生产力时空变化及对气候变化的响应[J]. 干旱区地理, 2020, 43(3):592-601.
	[ Xu Jie, Chen Huiling, Shang Shasha, et al. Response of net primary productivity of Tibetan Plateau vegetation to climate change based on CEVSA model[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2020, 43(3):592-601. ]
[34]	李晓文, 方创琳, 黄金川, 等. 西北干旱区城市土地利用变化及其区域生态环境效应——以甘肃河西地区为例[J]. 第四纪研究, 2003, 23(3): 280-290, 348-349.
	[ Li Xiaowen, Fang Chuanglin, Huang Jinchuan, et al. The urban land use transformations and associated effects on eco-environment in northwest China arid region: A case study in Hexi Region, Gansu Province[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2003, 23(3): 280-290, 348-349. ]
[35]	张军英, 邓永怀. 干旱区有色矿山复垦技术研究[C]// 中国环境科学学会. 2015年中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集. 深圳: 中国环境科学学会, 2015: 5.
	[ Zhang Junying, Deng Yonghuai. Study on reclamation technology of nonferrous mines in arid area[C]// Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences. Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting of Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences. Shenzhen: Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences, 2015: 5. ]

气候区	干燥度（K）	湿润指数（I_m）
极干旱区	K≥16.0	I_m≤0.05
干旱区	16.0>K≥4.0	0.05<I_m≤0.20
半干旱区	4.0>K≥1.5	0.20<I_m≤0.50
干旱亚湿润区	1.5>K≥1.0	0.50<I_m≤0.65
湿润区	K<1.0	I_m>0.65