博斯腾湖小湖区湿地生态需水量阈值研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.06.02

干旱区地理 ›› 2021, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (6): 1525-1533.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.06.02

博斯腾湖小湖区湿地生态需水量阈值研究

刘英^1,^2,³(),钟瑞森^1,^2,³,段永超^1,^2,^3,⁴,程勇⁵,姜立新⁶,李江宏⁶,刘铁^1,^2,³()

1. 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所荒漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室,新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
2. 新疆维吾尔自治区遥感与地理信息系统应用重点实验室,新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
3. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
4. 南京信息工程大学滨江学院,江苏无锡 214105
5. 新疆塔里木河流域巴音郭楞管理局,新疆库尔勒 841000
6. 新疆塔里木河流域巴音郭楞管理局博斯腾湖管理处,新疆库尔勒 841000

收稿日期:2020-10-01 修回日期:2021-02-12 出版日期:2021-11-25 发布日期:2021-12-03
通讯作者: 刘铁
作者简介:刘英（1981-）,女,副研究员,博士,主要从事水动力模拟研究. E-mail: lyhello@yeah.net
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0404501);王宽诚教育基金会(GJTD-2020-14);国家自然科学基金项目(42071049)

Threshold of ecological water demands for the small lake wetland of Bosten Lake

LIU Ying^1,^2,³(),ZHONG Ruisen^1,^2,³,DUAN Yongchao^1,^2,^3,⁴,CHENG Yong⁵,JIANG Lixin⁶,LI Jianghong⁶,LIU Tie^1,^2,³()

1. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
2. Key Laboratory of GIS & RS Application Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4. Binjiang College, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Wuxi 214105, Jiangsu, China
5. Xinjiang Tarim River Basin Bayinguoleng Authority, Korla 841000, Xinjiang, China
6. Bosten Lake Management Office, Xinjiang Tarim River Basin Bayinguoleng Authority, Korla 841000, Xinjiang, China

Received:2020-10-01 Revised:2021-02-12 Online:2021-11-25 Published:2021-12-03
Contact: Tie LIU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

湿地生态需水量阈值是其生态系统发生质变的临界条件,一旦某阈值被超越,系统的某些物质平衡关系、功能、健康就会受到影响,而月尺度的湿地生态需水量阈值研究有助于水资源优化配置。针对博斯腾湖小湖区芦苇沼泽镶嵌交错明水塘道的景观结构,结合遥感数据同步获取大范围数据的优势,利用长时间序列的水面面积频率分析,确定月尺度最小、中等和理想状态的小湖区湿地明水区面积;采用蒸发皿观测值计算法,核算小湖区湿地的月尺度最小、中等和理想生态耗水量。结果表明：小湖区湿地全年月平均最小、中等和理想的生态水面面积为14.47 km²、21.56 km²、26.75 km²;小湖区湿地生长季3—9月最小生态需水量为0.22×10⁸ m³、0.35×10⁸ m³、0.44×10⁸ m³、0.51×10⁸ m³、0.39×10⁸ m³、0.41×10⁸ m³、0.28×10⁸ m³,其中6月最大,3月最小,小湖区湿地年最小生态需水量约为3.02×10⁸ m³;如若同时满足小湖区湿地生态目标芦苇生长所需动态水位,3—9月最小生态需水量为0.40×10⁸ m³、0.52×10⁸ m³、0.79×10⁸ m³、0.86×10⁸ m³、2.31×10⁸ m³、0.41×10⁸ m³、0.28×10⁸ m³,其中7月最大,9月最小,小湖区湿地年最小生态需水量约为5.99×10⁸ m³。本研究计算结果可用于小湖区湿地年、月尺度来水分配及出水调控,有利于提高区域水资源利用效率,确保小湖生态可持续发展。

关键词: 生态需水量, 阈值, 频率分析, 博斯腾湖小湖区湿地

Abstract:

The thresholds of wetland ecological water demand are critical factors in determining whether an ecosystem will deteriorate or not. Once a threshold is exceeded, several material balance relations and functions and the health of the system will be affected. Monthly-scale thresholds are helpful for the optimal allocation of water resources. Because of the special landscape structure of small lake wetland of Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China, where reed marshes are interlaced with waterways and open waters, we performed a frequency analysis using long-term time series data on open water surface area, using remote sensing data to determine the minimum, medium, and ideal open water areas of the small lake wetland. Then, the ecological water consumption of the small lake wetland was calculated using the evaporation pan value and several conversion factors. Finally, the minimum, medium, and ideal monthly ecological water consumption of the small lake wetland was estimated. Overall, the results revealed that the annual average monthly minimum, medium, and ideal ecological open water surface areas of small lake wetland are 14.47 km², 21.56 km², and 26.75 km², respectively, whereas the monthly minimum ecological water demands for small lake wetland during the growing season from March to September are 0.22×10⁸ m³, 0.35×10⁸ m³, 0.44×10⁸ m³, 0.51×10⁸ m³, 0.39×10⁸ m³, 0.41×10⁸ m³, and 0.28×10⁸ m³, respectively, with June being the largest and March the smallest. Additionally, the annual minimum ecological water demand of the small lake wetland is approximately 3.02×10⁸ m³. If the dynamic water level required by the ecological target for the growth of reeds in the small lake wetland is also met, the minimum monthly water demands for small lake wetland during the growing season from March to September will be 0.40×10⁸ m³, 0.52×10⁸ m³, 0.79×10⁸ m³, 0.86×10⁸ m³, 2.31×10⁸ m³, 0.41×10⁸ m³, and 0.28×10⁸ m³, respectively, with that in July being the largest and that in September the smallest, whereas the annual minimum ecological water demand of small lake wetland is approximately 5.99×10⁸ m³. The values calculated in this study can be used for the annual and monthly scales of water inflow allocation and effluent water regulation in small lake wetlands, helping to improve the efficiency of regional water resource use and ensure sustainable ecological development of small lake wetlands.

Key words: ecological water demand, threshold, frequency analysis, small lake wetland of Bosten Lake

刘英,钟瑞森,段永超,程勇,姜立新,李江宏,刘铁. 博斯腾湖小湖区湿地生态需水量阈值研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(6): 1525-1533.

LIU Ying,ZHONG Ruisen,DUAN Yongchao,CHENG Yong,JIANG Lixin,LI Jianghong,LIU Tie. Threshold of ecological water demands for the small lake wetland of Bosten Lake[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(6): 1525-1533.

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类型	芦苇Ⅰ类（高大型）	芦苇Ⅱ类（中间型）	芦苇Ⅲ类（矮小型）	芦苇Ⅳ类（杂草混生型）
地貌部位	河湖边缘	距河湖稍远	距河湖更远的地方	沼泽外缘地带
地表形态	地势低洼	平坦	地势稍高	地势较高
土壤类型	腐殖质沼泽土	泥炭土和盐化泥炭腐殖质沼泽土	泥炭土	盐化泥炭土和盐化草甸沼泽土
积水状况	常年积水	季节积水	常年不积水	地表干燥
积水深度	30~50 cm	20~30 cm	-	-
芦苇高度	350~600 cm	250~350 cm	150~250 cm	<150 cm
基茎粗	>1.2 cm	0.8~1.2 cm	0.5~0.8 cm	<0.5 cm
单产	18.2 t·hm^-2	10~18.2 t·hm^-2	4~10 t·hm^-2	1~4 t·hm^-2
盖度	>80%	60%~80%	50%~60%	<50%
伴生植物	极少量苔草	少量苔草	少量拂子茅	多量拂子茅杂草

水面面积区间/km²	频次	频率	水面面积区间/km²	频次	频率
21.5~28.7	5	0.16	57.6~64.7	0	0.00
28.8~35.9	6	0.19	64.8~71.9	1	0.03
36.0~43.1	13	0.41	72.0~79.1	1	0.03
43.2~50.3	3	0.09	79.2~86.3	1	0.03
50.4~57.5	1	0.03	86.4~93.5	1	0.03

月份	平均水面面积/km²	生态水面面积/km²			水面耗水量/10⁸m³			芦苇湿地耗水量/10⁸m³
月份	平均水面面积/km²	最小	中等	理想	最小	中等	理想	最小	中等	理想
1	32.87	17.42	25.97	32.21	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.04	0.04
2	32.87	17.42	25.97	32.21	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.06	0.08	0.10
3	32.87	17.42	25.97	32.21	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.21	0.27	0.34
4	33.09	17.54	26.14	32.43	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.33	0.44	0.54
5	30.75	16.30	24.29	30.13	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.41	0.56	0.70
6	26.24	13.91	20.73	25.72	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.48	0.64	0.81
7	24.82	13.16	19.61	24.32	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.37	0.51	0.64
8	25.81	13.68	20.39	25.30	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.38	0.52	0.65
9	22.06	11.69	17.42	21.61	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.27	0.36	0.46
10	22.06	11.69	17.42	21.61	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.19	0.26	0.32
11	22.06	11.69	17.42	21.61	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.09	0.12	0.14
12	22.06	11.69	17.42	21.61	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.03	0.04
平均	27.30	14.47	21.56	26.75	-	-	-	-	-	-
总和	-	-	-	-	0.16	0.24	0.30	2.85	3.83	4.80

博斯腾湖小湖区湿地生态需水量阈值研究

Threshold of ecological water demands for the small lake wetland of Bosten Lake

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