哈密市峡沟水库中小洪水特征及气象成因

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.646

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

选取新疆哈密市伊吾县峡沟水库及伊吾水文站水情数据、水库上游流域5个自动气象站小时降水量观测数据及常规高空观测和NCEP再分析资料，分析了峡沟水库2015—2022年共计8次中小洪水过程的水文特性和流域降水特征。结果表明：（1）上游型洪水过程洪峰持续时间在10 h内，洪量集中、洪水涨退平稳；下游型洪水过程涨水快、洪峰持续时间超过10 h，且上游型洪水致洪强降水的平均降水量、最大小时雨强没有下游型大，但是平均降雨历时较长，超过蓝色预警指标的洪峰持续时间相对较短，引发的最大洪峰流量、最高水位及库容涨差没有下游型大。（2）伊吾水文站洪峰流量与水库以上流域内不同时段最大降水量呈正相关关系，洪峰流量与上游区气象站的最大3 h降水量和下游区气象站最大6 h降水量关系最为密切。（3）下游型洪水致洪强降水发生时，100 hPa南亚高压呈双体型，中亚长波槽和500 hPa低槽位置均较上游型偏南，西太平洋副热带高压位置较上游型偏北；下游型洪水致洪强降水发生时，700~500 hPa比湿、700 hPa水汽通量和涡度、700~500 hPa假相当位温均较上游型的对应值偏大，为致洪强降水预报提供了有利指标。

关键词: 峡沟水库, 洪水特征, 环流特征, 洪峰流量

Abstract:

Using water regime data from Xiagou Reservoir and Yiwu Hydrological Station in Yiwu County, Hami City, Xinjiang, China alongside hourly precipitation observations from five automatic weather stations in the reservoir’s upstream basin, routine upper-air observations, and NCEP reanalysis data, this study analyzed the hydrological characteristics and precipitation features of eight medium and small flood events at Xiagou Reservoir during 2015—2022. The findings are as follows: (1) Upstream-type floods exhibit peak durations within 10 hours, with concentrated flood volumes and stable rising and falling stages. In contrast, downstream-type floods rise rapidly and have peak durations exceeding 10 h. While the average rainfall and maximum hourly rainfall intensity of upstream-type flood-inducing heavy precipitation are lower than those of downstream-type, and the average rainfall duration is longer. The flood peak durations exceeding the blue warning threshold are shorter for upstream-type floods, and their corresponding maximum peak discharge, highest water level, and reservoir storage increase are significantly less than those of downstream-type floods. (2) A positive correlation exists between the peak discharge at Yiwu Hydrological Station and maximum rainfall during different time periods within the basin above the reservoir. The peak discharge shows the strongest correlation with maximum 3-hour precipitation at upstream meteorological stations and maximum 6-hour precipitation at downstream meteorological stations. (3) During downstream-type flood-inducing heavy precipitation, the 100 hPa South Asian High adopts a double-lobed structure, with the Central Asian long-wave trough and 500 hPa low trough positioned further south compared to upstream-type floods, while the subtropical high is located further north. Specific humidity between 700 hPa and 500 hPa, the 700 hPa moisture flux and vorticity, and the pseudo-equivalent potential temperature between 700 hPa and 500 hPa are higher during downstream-type flood-inducing heavy precipitation, serving as favorable indicators for forecasting such events. This study provides insights into the distinct characteristics of upstream- and downstream-type floods and offers valuable indicators for forecasting flood-inducing heavy precipitation.

Key words: Xiagou Reservoir, flood characteristics, circulation features, peak discharge

白松竹, 关清, 江远安, 栾亚睿, 张俊. 哈密市峡沟水库中小洪水特征及气象成因[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(12): 2115-2123.

BAI Songzhu, GUAN Qing, JIANG Yuan’an, LUAN Yarui, ZHANG Jun. Characteristics and meteorological causes of medium and small floods in Xiagou Reservoir of Hami City[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(12): 2115-2123.

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洪水个例	最大累积降水量/mm（站号）	最大日降水量/mm·h^-1（站号）	平均降水量/mm	最大小时雨强/mm·h^-1（站号）	平均降水历时/h	区域分型
2015年6月29—30日	18.8（Y6359）	17.2（Y6359）	14.5	6.2（Y6359）	8.2	上游型
2015年8月12日	17.6（Y6359）	17.6（Y6359）	13.8	3.8（Y6366）	9.6	上游型
2016年8月9日	14.4（Y6359）	14.4（Y6359）	6.8	2.4（Y6332）	8.6	上游型
2017年8月18—19日	13.7（Y6359）	13.7（Y6359）	11.9	5.4（52118）	8.0	上游型
2018年6月18—19日	15.9（Y6359）	15.9（Y6359）	11.1	4.4（Y6366）	6.8	上游型
2018年7月31日	41.3（Y6333）	41.3（Y6333）	32.5	12.0（Y6333）	11.0	下游型
2021年7月24日	15.8（Y6359）	15.8（Y6359）	7.2	3.1（Y6359）	7.8	上游型
2021年8月16—17日	26.3（52118）	16.9（Y6332）	20.1	6.8（Y6359）	15.3	下游型

洪水个例		最大洪峰流量/m³·s^-1	洪水涨幅/m³·s^-1	水位涨差/m	库容增幅/10⁴m³	雨洪时间差/h	雨洪峰值时间差/h	洪峰持续时间/h	蓝色预警流量持续时间/h	黄色预警流量持续时间/h	橙色预警流量持续时间/h	红色预警流量持续时间/h
上游型	2015年6月29—30日	45.5	37.4	0.3	16.7	8	1	1	1	-	-	-
	2015年8月12日	67.9	52.4	0.8	54.9	7	6	9	11	4	-	-
	2016年8月9日	49.3	30.4	0.8	39.6	8	7	1	1	-	-	-
	2017年8月18—19日	66.9	57.9	2.0	100.0	9	4	7	7	5	-	-
	2018年6月18—19日	74.0	32.5	3.0	138.5	9	4	3	3	3	-	-
	2021年7月24日	53.6	32.7	2.5	85.0	8	10	6	6	2	-	-
下游型	2018年7月31日	241.0	210.0	5.8	283.7	6	6	22	22	22	6	6
下游型	2021年8月16—17日	147.0	120.0	9.6	335.0	6	7	10	10	7	3	1

气象站位置	1 h 降水量	3 h 降水量	6 h 降水量	9 h 降水量	12 h 降水量
上游区气象站	0.1994	0.4382	0.4122	0.2955	0.2647
下游区气象站	0.6186	0.7901	0.8612	0.8379	0.8437

洪水个例		比湿/g·kg^-1		水汽通量/g·cm^-1·hPa^-1·s^-1		垂直速度/m·s^-1		涡度/10^-5·s^-1		假相当位温/K
洪水个例		500 hPa	700 hPa	500 hPa	700 hPa	500 hPa	700 hPa	500 hPa	700 hPa	500 hPa	700 hPa
上游型	2015年6月29—30日	3.0	7.0	2.0	4.0	-1.0	-1.5	10	10	332	336
	2015年8月12日	3.5	7.0	6.0	8.0	-2.5	-1.5	10	20	328	328
	2016年8月9日	4.0	6.0	6.0	4.0	-2.0	-1.5	10	10	340	336
	2017年8月18—19日	3.0	6.0	6.0	4.0	-0.5	-1.2	0	10	340	332
	2018年6月18—19日	3.0	5.0	4.0	6.0	-1.0	-1.5	0	10	334	332
	2021年7月24日	4.0	7.0	6.0	4.0	-1.0	-1.5	10	10	340	334
下游型	2018年7月31日	6.0	10.0	6.0	10.0	-1.0	-1.5	10	20	352	348
下游型	2021年8月16—17日	4.5	8.0	8.0	8.0	-1.5	-1.5	10	20	342	340